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Created page with "{{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = /ɑɾɑqiʂ/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Araqish |map = ProtoAraqish.png |mapcapt..."

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{{Infobox language
|name = Proto-Araqish
|pronunciation = /ɑɾɑqiʂ/
|region = Originalia
|familycolor = Proto-Araqish

|map = ProtoAraqish.png
|mapcaption =
{{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}}
}}
==Phonology==

===Vowels===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|Front
! scope="col"|Back
|-
!High
| style="text-align: center;"|i iː
| style="text-align: center;"|u uː
|-
!Mid-High
| style="text-align: center;"| e eː
| style="text-align: center;"|o oː
|-
!Mid-Low
| style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː
| style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː
|-
!Low
| style="text-align: center;"|a aː
| style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː
|}

===Consonants===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|
! scope="col"|
Bilabial
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive'''
| style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative'''
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|s̪
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ʂ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|h
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal'''
| style="text-align: center;"|m
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|n̪
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ)
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ŋ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ)
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap'''
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ)
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant'''
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ʋ
| style="text-align: center;"|(l̪)
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ)
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|j
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}

===Araqistic notation===

====Vowels====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|Front
! scope="col"|Back
|-
!High
| style="text-align: center;"|i í
| style="text-align: center;"|u ú
|-
!Mid-High
| style="text-align: center;"|e é
| style="text-align: center;"|o ó
|-
!Mid-Low
| style="text-align: center;"|è ê
| style="text-align: center;"|ò ô
|-
!Low
| style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ
| style="text-align: center;"|a á
|}

====Consonants====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|
! scope="col"|
Bilabial
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|
! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive'''
| style="text-align: center;"|p ph b
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|t th d
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|k kh g
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative'''
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|s
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ṣ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|x(1)
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal'''
| style="text-align: center;"|m
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|n
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ṇ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap'''
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|r(2)
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant'''
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|v
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|y
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}

(1) Also <h> is permitted. 
(2) Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda.

===Phonotactics===

'''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)'''

'''C''' = any consonant 
'''G''' = glide or approximant 
'''V''' = any short vowel 
'''Vː''' = any long vowel 
'''R''' = any resonantal consonant

'''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed.

===Accent===

First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable.

==Grammar==

===Noun===

'''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness + Root + Derivative extension(s) + Collectivity + Case]''

====Definiteness====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;"
! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite
| style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | -
| style="font-weight: bold;" | règ
| (a) wolf
|-
! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite
! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper
| style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ
| the wolf
|-
! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant
| style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ
| that wolf
|-
! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant
| style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va-
| style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ
| yonder wolf
|}

These prefixes also can exist independently in similar role to demonstrative pronouns.

====Collectivity====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;"
! Collective
| '''''-'''''
| '''règ'''
| (a) wolf / "wolf-ity"
|-
! Singulative
| '''''-ò'''''
| '''règò'''
| (a) one wolf
|}

====Declension====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;"
! Nominative
| Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs
| '''-'''
| '''min'''
| (a) man
|-
! Accusative
| Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs
| '''-am'''
| '''minam'''
| (a) man
|-
! Instrumental
| Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs
| '''-vá'''
| '''minvá'''
| by/with a man
|-
! Vialis
| Spatial/temporal way, path
| '''-rí'''
| '''minrí'''
| via (a) man
|-
! Allative
| Direction to a target
| '''-ṭha'''
| '''minṭha'''
| to (a) man
|-
! Ablative
| Direction from something, separation
| '''-de'''
| '''minde'''
| from (a) man
|-
! Locative
| Place, space, position
| '''-su'''
| '''minsu'''
| (in) (a) man
|-
! Genitive
| Possessing side, various postpositions
| '''-ni'''
| '''minni'''
| of (a) man
|-
! Benefactive
| Destination to something
| '''-phú'''
| '''minphú'''
| for (a) man
|}

'''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative.

===Verb===

'''Morphemic order:''' ''[(Aspect + Root + Voice) + Root extension(s) + State + (Subject + Tense) + Object]''

====Aspect====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;"
! Progressive
| '''''-'''''
| '''yév-'''
| (to) look, observe
|-
! Stative
| '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-'''
| '''yeyév-'''
| (to) see
|}

====Voice====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;"
! Active
| '''''-'''''
| '''yév-'''
| (to) look, observe
|-
! Middle
| '''''-si-'''''
| '''yésiv-'''
| (to) look on self
|-
! Causative
| '''''-tæ-'''''
| '''yétæv-'''
| (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth
|-
! Middle-Causative1
| '''''-kha-'''''
| '''yékhav-'''
| (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self
|}

1 - rare, reserved only for several verbs

====State (Secondary aspect)====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;"
! Inceptive
| '''''-ar-'''''
| '''yévar-'''
| began to see
|-
! Continuative
| '''''-im-'''''
| '''yévim-'''
| still to see
|-
! Pausative
| '''''-ith-'''''
| '''yévith-'''
| stop to see
|-
! Terminative
| '''''-èb-'''''
| '''yévèb-'''
| end to see
|}

====Tense and persons====

=====Present subjective persons=====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;"
|
! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular
! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural
|-
! 1.
| '''-an'''
| I
| '''-ama'''
| we
|-
! 2.
| '''-ak'''
| you
| '''-aka'''
| you
|-
! 3.
| '''-o'''
| he / she / it
| '''-oha'''
| they
|-
! 4.
| '''-'''
| someone / something
|colspan="2"|  
|}

=====Non-present subjective persons=====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;"
|
! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular
! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural
|-
! 1.
| '''-amu'''
| I
| '''-amav'''
| we
|-
! 2.
| '''-aku'''
| you
| '''-akav'''
| you
|-
! 3.
| '''-ov'''
| he / she / it
| '''-ova'''
| they
|-
! 4.
| '''-u / -v'''
| someone / something
|colspan="2"|  
|}

=====Objective persons=====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
|
! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular
! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural
|-
! 1.
| '''-un / -n'''
| me
| '''-una / -na'''
| us
|-
! 2.
| '''-akh / -kh'''
| you
| '''-akha / -kha'''
| you
|-
! 3.
| '''-ôṣ / -ṣ'''
| he / she / it
| '''-ôṣa / -ṣa'''
| them
|-
! 4.
| '''-ur / -r'''
| someone / something
|colspan="2"|  
|}

====Non-finite verbs====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
! Action noun
| '''''-nêr'''''
| '''yévnêr'''
| vision, seeing
|-
! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles
|-
! Adjectival
| '''''-té'''''
| '''yévté'''
| seeing
|-
! Adverbial
| '''''-tú'''''
| '''yévtú'''
| seeing
|}

===Adjective===

Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent. 
Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix. 
Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns. 
All adjectives inflect by four degrees.

====Dependent adjectives' declension====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
! Nominative
| '''''-'''''
| '''tǽt'''
| good
|-
! Objective
| '''''-am'''''
| '''tǽtam'''
| (of/in/to/from) good
|-
! Instrumental
| '''''-vá'''''
| '''tǽtvá'''
| (by/with) good
|}

====Degrees of comparison====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
! Positive
! Comparative
! Optimative
! Superlative
|-
| '''''-'''''
| '''''-yò'''''
| '''''-yár'''''
| '''''-tís'''''
|-
| '''tǽt'''
| '''tǽtyò'''
| '''tǽtyár'''
| '''tǽttís'''
|-
| good
| better
| best (of a group)
| best (of a total)
|}

===Adverb===

Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.

====Degrees of comparison====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
! Positive
! Comparative
! Optimative
! Superlative
|-
| '''''-e'''''
| '''''-yê'''''
| '''''-yáre'''''
| '''''-tíse'''''
|-
| '''tǽte'''
| '''tǽtyê'''
| '''tǽtyáre'''
| '''tǽttíse'''
|-
| well
| better
| best (of a group)
| best (of a total)
|}

===Numerals===

====Cardinal numerals====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;"
! 1.
| òr
|-
! 2.
| ḍaxá
|-
! 3.
| taryú
|-
! 4.
| ambuqi
|-
! 5.
| khadru
|-
! 6.
| khaṣḍu
|-
! 7.
| tôqtu
|-
! 8.
| kyáskhu
|-
! 9.
| davsu
|-
! 10.
| máthu
|-
! 11.
| máthu òr-vo
|-
! 12.
| máthu ḍaxá-vo
|-
! 20.
| ḍaxmáthu
|-
! 21.
| ḍaxmáthu òr-vo
|-
! 30
| taryúmathu
|-
! 100.
| mamêth
|-
! 101.
| mamêth òr-vo
|-
! 120.
| mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo
|-
! 121.
| mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo òr-vo
|-
! 200.
| ḍaxá mamêth
|-
! 1.000.
| varmêth
|-
! 10.000.
| máthu varmêth
|}

====Derived numerals====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
| rowspan=2 |
! Ordinal
! Multiplicative
! Reproductive
! Distributive
! Fractional
|-
! ''-uk / -k''
! ''-ph-as''
! ''-and-as / -nd-as''
! ''-uk-as / -k-as''
! ''-nôy''
|-
! 1.
| òruk
| òrphas
| òrandas
| òrukas
| òrnôy
|-
! 2.
| ḍaxák
| ḍaxáphas
| ḍaxándas
| ḍaxákas
| ḍaxánôy
|-
! 3.
| taryúk
| taryúphas
| taryúndas
| taryúkas
| taryúnôy
|-
! 4.
| ambuqik
| ambuqiphas
| ambuqindas
| ambuqikas
| ambuqinôy
|-
! 5.
| khadruk
| khadruphas
| khadrundas
| khadrukas
| khadrunôy
|-
! 6.
| khaṣḍuk
| khaṣḍuphas
| khaṣḍundas
| khaṣḍukas
| khaṣḍunôy
|-
! 7.
| tôqtuk
| tôqtuphas
| tôqtundas
| tôqtukas
| tôqtunôy
|-
! 8.
| kyáṣkuk
| kyáṣkuphas
| kyáṣkundas
| kyáṣkukas
| kyáṣkunôy
|-
! 9.
| davsuk
| davsuphas
| davsundas
| davsukas
| davsunôy
|-
! 10.
| máthuk
| máthuphas
| máthundas
| máthukas
| máthunôy
|-
! 11.
| máthuk òruk-vo
| máthu òruphas-vo
| máthu òrundas
| máthu òrukas
| máthu òrunôy
|-
! 20.
| ḍaxmáthuk
| ḍaxmáthuphas
| ḍaxmáthundas
| ḍaxmathukas
| ḍaxmathunôy
|-
! 21.
| ḍaxmáthuk òruk-vo
| ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo
| ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo
| ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo
| ḍaxmáthu òrunôy-vo
|-
! 100.
| mamêthuk
| mamêthuphas
| mamêthundas
| mamêthukas
| mamêthunôy
|-
! 101.
| mamêthuk òruk-vo
| mamêthu òruphas-vo
| mamêthu òrundas-vo
| mamêthu òrukas-vo
| mamêthu òrunôy-vo
|-
! 120.
| mamêthuk ḍaxmáthuk-vo
| mamêthu ḍaxmáthuphas-vo
| mamêthu ḍaxmáthundas-vo
| mamêthu ḍaxmáthukas-vo
| mamêthu ḍaxmáthunôy-vo
|-
! 121.
| mamêthuk ḍaxmathuk-vo òruk-vo
| mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo
| mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo
| mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo
| mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrnôy-vo
|-
! 200.
| ḍaxá mamêthuk
| ḍaxá mamêthuphas
| ḍaxá mamêthundas
| ḍaxá mamêthukas
| ḍaxá mamêthunôy
|-
! 1000.
| varmêthuk
| varmêthuphas
| varmêthundas
| varmêthukas
| varmêthunôy
|-
! 10.000.
| máthu varmêthuk
| máthu varmêthuphas
| máthu varmêthundas
| máthu varmêthukas
| máthu varmêthunôy
|}

====Numeral adverbs====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
|-
| '''váre'''
| many
|-
| '''víne'''
| little
|-
| '''tyap'''
| half
|-
| '''qòrephas'''
| how many times ?
|-
| '''serephas'''
| so often
|}

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

Personal pronouns inflect by case in the same way as a nouns.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
|
! colspan=2 | Singular
! colspan=2 | Plural
|-
! 1.
| '''na'''
| I
| '''mé'''
| we
|-
! rowspan=2 | 2.
| '''khú'''
| thou here
| '''ṇé'''
| you here
|-
| '''ṭú'''
| thou there
| '''yô'''
| you there
|-
! rowspan=2 | 3.
| '''óm'''
| he / she / it here
| '''óma'''
| they here
|-
| '''ês'''
| he / she / it there
| '''êsa'''
| they there
|-
! rowspan=2 | 4.
| '''ṣá'''
| someone / something here
|-
| '''ġá'''
| someone / something there
|}

====Possessive pronouns====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
|
! colspan=2 | Singular
! colspan=2 | Plural
|-
! 1.
| '''nas'''
| my
| '''més'''
| our
|-
! rowspan=2 | 2.
| '''khús'''
| thy here
| '''ṇés'''
| your here
|-
| '''ṭús'''
| thy there
| '''yôs'''
| your there
|-
! rowspan=2 | 3.
| '''ómas'''
| his / her / its here
| '''ómsa'''
| their here
|-
| '''êsas'''
| his / her / its there
| '''êssa'''
| their there
|-
! rowspan=2 | 4.
| '''ṣás'''
| someone / something else's here
|-
| '''ġás'''
| someone / something else's there
|}

====Demonstrative pronouns====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|-
|
! colspan=2 | Proper
! colspan=2 | Distant Visual
! colspan=2 | Distant Non-Visual
|-
! Person / Object
| '''se'''
| this
| '''ṭa'''
| that
| '''va'''
| someone / something there
|-
! Place
| '''seder'''
| here
| '''ṭader'''
| there
| '''vader'''
| somewhere there
|-
! Source
| '''sederer'''
| from here
| '''ṭaderer'''
| from there
| '''vaderer'''
| from somewhere there
|-
! Purpose direction
| '''sederkè'''
| to here
| '''ṭaderkè'''
| to there, so far
| '''vaderkè'''
| to somewhere there
|-
! Path
| '''sónda''' (← ''se-gonda'')
| this way
| '''ṭónda''' (← ''ṭa-gonda'')
| that way
| '''vónda''' (← ''va-gonda'')
| some way
|-
! Time
| '''semat'''
| now
| '''ṭamat'''
| then
|-
|-
! Method
| '''ses'''
| in this way
| '''ṭas'''
| in that way
| '''vas'''
| in some way
|-
! Quantity
| '''sere'''
| so much
|-
! Qualify
| '''seṇúr'''
| like this here
| '''ṭaṇúr'''
| like that
| '''vaṇúr'''
| like something there
|-
! Reason
| '''sephú'''
| for this reason
| '''ṭaphú'''
| for that reason
| '''vaphú'''
| for some reason
|}

====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|-
|
! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative
! colspan=2 | Indefinite
! colspan=2 | Unlimited
|-
! Person / Object
| '''qò'''
| who ? which ?
| '''òqò'''
| someone
| '''òqòráy'''
| anyone
|-
! Place
| '''qòder'''
| where ?
| '''òqòder'''
| somewhere
| '''òqòderráy'''
| anywhere
|-
! Source
| '''qòderer'''
| whence ?
| '''òqòderer'''
| from somewhere
| '''òqòdererráy'''
| from anywhere
|-
! Purpose direction
| '''qòderkè'''
| whither ?
| '''òqòderkê'''
| to somewhere
| '''òqòderkêrráy'''
| to anywhere
|-
! Path
| '''qónda''' (← ''qò-gonda'')
| which way ?
| '''òqònda'''
| via some way
| '''òqòndaráy'''
| via any way
|-
! Time
| '''qòmat'''
| when ?
| '''òqòmat'''
| once
| '''òqòmatráy'''
| ever
|-
! Method
| '''qás'''
| how ?
| '''òqás'''
| somehow
| '''òqásráy'''
| anyhow
|-
! Quantity
| '''qòre'''
| how much ?
| '''òqòre'''
| somehow much
| '''òqòreráy'''
| anyhow much
|-
! Qualify
| '''qòṇúr'''
| which one ?
| '''òqòṇúr'''
| some
| '''òqòṇúrráy'''
| any
|-
! Reason
| '''qòphú'''
| why ?
|-
|}

====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|-
|
! colspan=2 | Negative
! colspan=2 | Universal
! colspan=2 | Alternative
|-
! Person / Object
| '''môqò'''
| nobody, nothing
| '''qòṣár'''
| every
| '''ínqò'''
| anyone else
|-
! Place
| '''môqòder'''
| nowhere
| '''òqòderṣár'''
| everywhere
| '''ínqòder'''
| elswhere
|-
! Source
| '''môqòderer'''
| from nowhere
| '''òqòdererṣár'''
| from everywhere
| '''inqòderer'''
| from elswhere
|-
! Purpose direction
| '''môqòderkè'''
| to nowhere
| '''òqòderkèṣár'''
| to everywhere
| '''ínqòderkè'''
| to elswhere
|-
! Path
| '''môqónda'''
| through no way
| '''òqóndaṣár'''
| through all ways
| '''ínqónda'''
| which way else
|-
! Time
| '''môqòmat'''
| never
| '''òqòmatṣár'''
| always
| '''ínqòmat'''
| when else
|-
! Method
| '''môqás'''
| nohow
| '''òqásṣár'''
| in all methods
| '''ínqás'''
| otherwise
|-
! Quantity
| '''môqòre'''
| nothing
| '''òqòreṣár'''
| otherwise than so many
|-
! Quality
| '''môqòṇúr'''
| neuter, indistinct
| '''òqòṇúrṣár'''
| any
| '''ín'''
| other
|}

====Numeral pronouns====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;"
|-
! Interrogative / Relative
| '''qòre'''
| how much ?
|-
! Indefinite
| '''òqòre'''
| write a number
|-
! Unlimited
| '''òqòreráy'''
| however many
|-
! Negative
| '''môqòre'''
| nothing
|-
! Alternative
| '''òqòreṣár'''
| otherwise than so many
|}

====Reflexive, reciprocal and cooperative pronouns====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;"
|-
! Reflexive
| '''rè'''
| oneself
|-
! Reciprocal
| '''ḍárè''' (← ''ḍaxá + rè'')
| each other
|-
! Cooperative
| '''rèbyæ''' (← ''rè + byæ'')
| together cooperatively
|}

===Postpositions===

====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;"
|-
! rowspan=3 | iv
| in, inside
! Locative
|-
| from inside
! Ablative
|-
| to inside
! Allative
|-
| colspan=3 |
|-
! rowspan=3 | ir
| on
! Locative
|-
| from on
! Ablative
|-
| to on
! Allative
|-
| colspan=3 |
|-
! rowspan=3 | súr
| above
! Locative
|-
| from above
! Ablative
|-
| to above
! Allative
|-
| colspan=3 |
|-
! rowspan=3 | du
| under
! Locative
|-
| from under
! Ablative
|-
| to under
! Allative
|-
| colspan=3 |
|-
! rowspan=3 | byæ
| beside
! Locative
|-
| from beside
! Ablative
|-
| to beside
! Allative
|-
| colspan=3 |
|-
! rowspan=3 | ġó
| away
! Locative
|-
| from away
! Ablative
|-
| to away
! Allative
|-
| colspan=3 |
|-
! rowspan=3 | ḍaxív
| between
! Locative
|-
| from between
! Ablative
|-
| to between
! Allative
|-
| colspan=3 |
|-
! rowspan=3 | só
| behind
! Locative
|-
| from behind
! Ablative
|-
| to behind
! Allative
|-
| colspan=3 |
|-
! rowspan=3 | sók
| out
! Locative
|-
| from out
! Ablative
|-
| to out
! Allative
|-
| colspan=3 |
|-
! rowspan=3 | keṇkiv
| around
! Locative
|-
| from around
! Ablative
|-
| to around
! Allative
|-
| colspan=3 |
|-
! rowspan=3 | phôr
| before, opposite to
! Locative
|-
| from before, from opposite to
! Ablative
|-
| to before, to opposite to
! Allative
|-
| colspan=3 |
|-
! rowspan=3 | mativ
| during, in time of
! Locative
|-
| from time of
! Ablative
|-
| to time of
! Allative
|-
| colspan=3 |
|-
! rowspan=3 | ku
| after
! Locative
|-
| from after
! Ablative
|-
| to after
! Allative
|}

====Other postpositions====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;"
|-
! Companion, attributive object
| '''vóv''' (← vo-vá)
| with
! Instrumental
|-
! Material, substantion, origin
| '''er'''
| from
! Ablative
|-
! Lack
| '''môv''' (← ''mô-vá'')
| without
! Genitive
|-
! Alternative
| '''deriv'''
| instead
! Genitive
|-
! Contrary
| '''phôrer'''
| against
! Allative
|-
! Resistance
| '''kúv''' (← ''ku-vo'')
| despite, though
! Inactive
|-
! Stylization
| '''byǽv''' (← ''byæ-vo'')
| along to, according to
! Instrumental
|}

===Particles===

====Conjunctions====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;"
! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions
|-
! Copulative
| '''vo'''
| and
|-
! Conjunctive
| '''ṭáv'''
| also
|-
! Disjunctive
| '''sa'''
| or
|-
! Contrastive, exceptional
| '''tó'''
| but
|-
! Consequentive
| '''rèṣ'''
| so
|-
! Comparative
| '''pe'''
| than
|-
| colspan=3 |
|-
! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions
|-
| colspan=2 | '''bô'''
| to, for
|-
| colspan=2 | '''tóvo'''
| althought
|-
| colspan=2 | '''rèṣer'''
| because
|-
| colspan=2 | '''eṭvo'''
| if
|-
| colspan=2 | '''dè'''
| that, providing
|}

====Modifiers====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;"
! colspan=3 | Common modifiers
|-
! Restrictive
| '''òre'''
| only
|-
! Additive
| '''êṭe'''
| yet
|-
! colspan=3 | Verbal modifiers
|-
! Potentional
| '''qay'''
| Expresses an action or situation which ''may'' be happen.
|-
! Hypothetical
| '''bú'''
| Expresses a counterfactual but possible event or situation.
|-
! Imperative
| '''í'''
| Expresses direct commands.
|-
! Prohibitive
| '''mí'''
| Expresses direct prohibitions.
|-
! Precative
| '''nú'''
| Expresses a requests.
|-
! Dubitative
| '''áx'''
| Expresses a dubious event or action.
|-
! Desiderative
| '''ryǽ'''
| Expresses a wishes or desires.
|-
! Jussive
| '''qháv'''
| Expresses a moral pressure for an action or event.
|-
! Obligative
| '''ġar'''
| Expresses an obligation from a personal oath, honour, contract or another event or action.
|-
! Permissive
| '''thóm'''
| Expresses a subject's permission to action or event.
|-
! Necessitative
| '''báqh'''
| Expresses an event or action, which is needed as a way to purpose.
|-
! Interrogative
| '''xê'''
| It is using to expressing a questions and interrogations.
|}

====Polarity particles====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
! Affirmative
| '''ṭáx'''
| yes
|-
! Negative1
| '''mô'''
| no
|}

1 Only in independent form.

==Word formation==

===Compounding===

===Derivation===

====Noun====

===== Noun to noun=====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|-
! Diminutive
| '''-sí'''
| '''kháṣá''' → '''kháṣásí'''
| daughter → little daughter
|-
! Augmentative
| '''-dá'''
| '''dyǽr''' → '''dyǽrdá'''
| mountain → grand mountain
|-
! Contradiction
| '''mô-'''
| '''min''' → '''mômin'''
| human → non-human
|-
! Similarity
| '''-rǽx'''
| '''dumb''' → '''dumbrǽx'''
| tree → pseudo-tree
|-
! Half
| '''-tyap'''
| '''súg''' → '''súgtyap'''
| dog → half-dog
|-
! Relational abstract
| '''-næn'''
| '''agô''' → '''agônæn'''
| brother → brotherhood
|-
! Related person
| '''-tan'''
| '''bák''' → '''báktan'''
| cow → cowman
|-
! Place
| '''-der'''
| '''xôg''' → '''xôgder'''
| fire → campfire
|-
! Art / Craft
| '''-kant'''
| '''bábá''' → '''bábákant'''
| war → craft of war
|-
! Knowledge
| '''-móg'''
| '''samarand''' → '''samarandmóg'''
| herb → herbalism
|-
! Expert
| '''-môgtan'''
| '''samarandmóg''' → '''samarandmógtan'''
| herbalism → herbalist
|-
! Product
| '''-vík'''
| '''púrú''' → '''púrúvík'''
| meal → bread
|}

=====Noun to adjective=====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|-
! Possessive
| '''-as'''
| '''xvaq''' → '''xvaqas'''
| horse → equine
|-
! Originative
| '''-er-as'''
| '''deṇsu''' → '''deṇsuras'''
| sky → celestial
|-
! Similaritive
| '''-tyás''' (← ''-tí-as'')
| '''meṣṭe''' → '''meṣtetyás'''
| cat → felid
|-
! Feature
| '''-svas''' (← ''-su-as'')
| '''mvar''' → '''mvarsvas'''
| hair → hairy
|-
! Affiliative
| '''-nyas''' (← ''-ni-as'')
| '''ġáná''' → '''ġánányas'''
| family → familiar
|-
! Privative
| '''môv-...-as'''
| '''thǽd''' → '''môvthǽdas'''
| tooth → toothless
|}

====Verb====

=====Verb to noun=====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|-
! Agentive
| '''-tan'''
| '''kuṣṭ-''' → '''kuṣṭtan'''
| (to) shoot → shooter
|-
! Experiencer, adressee
| '''-mi'''
| '''mǽd-'''- → '''mǽdmi'''
| (to) teach → learner
|-
! Result
| '''-ma'''
| '''qub'''- → '''qubma'''
| (to) fall → (a) fall
|-
! Instance
| '''-pê'''
| '''iṣ-''' → '''iṣpê'''
| (to) speak → speech
|-
! Instrument
| '''-kep'''
| '''bá-''' → '''bákep'''
| (to) beat → hammer
|-
! Place
| '''-der'''
| '''gon-''' → '''gonder'''
| (to) kill → slaughterhouse
|}

=====Verb to verb=====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|-
! rowspan=3 | Reaction
| rowspan=3 | '''tu-'''
| '''bá-''' → '''tubá-'''
| (to) beat → (to) shield against beatings
|-
| '''bábá-''' → '''tubábá-'''
| (to) war → (to) repel attack
|-
| '''iṣ-''' → '''tviṣ-'''
| (to) speak → (to) reply
|-
! Intensification
| '''syllabic reduplication'''
| '''bá-''' → '''bábá-'''
| (to) beat → (to) war
|}

====Adjective====

=====Adjective to noun=====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|-
! Abstract
| '''-næn'''
| '''bônd''' → '''bôndnæn'''
| strong → strength
|}

=====Adjective to adjective=====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|-
! Tendency
| '''-dyem'''
| '''tǽt''' → '''tǽtdyǽm'''
| good → bland
|-
! Intensification
| '''syllabic reduplication'''
| '''ġab''' → '''ġaġab'''
| big → very big
|-
! Excess
| '''-ġab'''
| '''tís''' → '''tísġab'''
| small → too small
|}

==Syntax==

===Word order===

Main word order is '''SOV'''. Generally, also it may be free, so other combinations are possible without a meaning's change.

===Copular verbs===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|
! colspan=2 | Positive
! colspan=2 | Negative
|-
! Translative
| '''ar'''
| became
| '''már'''
| don't became
|-
! Essive
| '''êṭ'''
| be
| '''môṭ'''
| don't be
|-
! Excessive
| '''èb'''
| cease to be
| '''im'''
| don't cease to be
|}

== See Also ==

* [[Proto-Araqish dialects]]
* [[Etymological dictionary of Proto-Araqish]]

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Proto-Araqish language - Revision history

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