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{{Infobox language
|name = Proto-Kinnərə
|pronunciation =
|region = Omoserica
|familycolor = Proto-Kinnərə

|map = ProtoKinnərə.png
|mapcaption =
{{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kinnərə}}
}}

== Phonology ==

===Consonants===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|
! Bilabial
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ŋ
|
|-
! Tenuis plosive
| p~ɸ
| t~ɾ̻
|
| k~x
| ʔ~h
|-
! Voiced plosive
| b~β̞
| d~ɾ
|
| g~ɰ
|
|-
! Fricative
|
| s
|
|
|
|-
! Trill
|
| r
|
|
|
|-
! Approximant
|
| l
| j
|
|
|}

====Spelling====

p~ɸ t~ɾ̻ k~x ʔ~h /p~f t~ṭ k~x '~h/

b~β̝ d~ɾ g~ɰ /b~v d~ḍ g~ḥ/

s /s/

m n ŋ /m n ŋ/

l r /l r/

j /j/

====Deplosivization====

Plosives are deplosivized to non-plosive counterparts in positions between vowels and before another plosive consonant.

===Vowels===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;"
|
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! Close
| i
|
| u
|-
! Mid
| e
| ə
| o
|-
! Open
|
| a
|
|}

i u /i u/

e ə o /e ə o/

ä /a/

====Vocalic harmony (Low vs High)====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;"
! High
| i ə u
|-
! Low
| e a o
|}

===Phonotactics===

'''(C)V(R/F)(C)'''
 
'''C =''' any consonant 
'''V =''' any vowel 
'''R =''' any resonantal consonant 
'''F =''' any fricative

===Accent===

Acute accent on first syllable.

== Grammar ==

===Nouns===

* indirective ditransitive alignment
* no case and gender
* relational nouns
* possessors (preffixal)
* tense markers (suffixal): shows position of an objects in time
* definiteness: definite and indefinite clitics

[Possessor + Number + Root + Root extension + Definiteness + Tense] + [Relational noun's construction]

====Number====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;"
! Singular
| -
| '''kujlə'''
| wolf
|-
! Plural
| sa-
| '''saxojla'''
| wolves
|}

====Tense====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;"
! Present
| -
| '''loḍja'''
| word
|-
! Past
| -ta / -tə
| '''loḍjata'''
| former word
|-
! Future
| -ne / -ni
| '''loḍjane'''
| future word
|}

====Definiteness====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;"
! Neutral / Gnomic
| -
| '''bolga'''
| camel
|-
! Definite
| -ḍi / -ḍe
| '''bolgaḍe'''
| the camel
|-
! Indefinite
| -mu / -mo
| '''bolgamo'''
| a camel
|}

====Possessor====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|
! colspan=3 | Singular
! colspan=3 |Plural
|-
! rowspan=2 | 1.
| rowspan=2 | '''li-'''
| rowspan=2 | I
| '''ni-'''
| we all, but not you
|-
| '''pi-'''
| we all, together with you
|-
! 2.
| '''sə-'''
| Thou
| '''tol-'''
| You all
|-
! 3.
| '''ka-'''
| He / she / it
| ''''ahl-'''
| They all
|-
! 4.
| ''''eŋ-'''
| Someone / something
|}

====Relational nouns====

Noun + [Possessor + Relational noun]

'''Burxdi kafaṭaḍe pelte pusujim.'''

''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."''

=====Spatials=====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;"
|-
! 'els
| inside
| in
|-
! paṭa
| top
| on
|-
! talba
| head
| above
|-
! tote
| foot
| under
|-
! 'afo
| side
| beside
|-
! galam
| distance
| away
|-
! maṭpa
| centre
| between
|-
! kaḍa
| back
| behind, after
|-
! 'əsrə
| outside
| out
|-
! puluxu
| wheel
| around
|-
! kəvri
| front
| before, opposite to
|-
! naxat
| time
| during, in time of
|}

=====Other relationals=====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 450px;"
|-
! Companion, attributive object
| '''keme'''
| with
|-
! Originative direction
| ''''atla'''
| from
|-
! Destinative direction, purpose, goal
| '''tala''''
| to
|-
! Lack
| '''lokem'''
| without
|-
! Alternative
| ''''ampere'''
| instead
|-
! Contrary
| '''surə'''
| against
|-
! Resistance
| ''''ofet'''
| despite, though
|-
! Stylization
| '''najdo'''
| along to, according to
|-
! Benefactive
| '''kuxo'''
| for, destined to
|-
! Essive
| ''''aja'''
| as, at character of
|}

===Verbs===

* polypersonal agreement (preffixal): subjective and objective
* persons with clusivity in first, second and third person + obviative
* intransitivity suffixed
* three tenses (preffixal): present, past, future
* three aspects (suffixal): durative, frequentative, momentane
* two moods (cliticized): realis, irrealis
* causative by auxiliary verb

[Subject + Object + Tense + Root + Root extension + Transitivity + Aspect + Mood]

====Tense====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;"
! Present
| -
| '''-taxe'''
| to work
|-
! Past
| di-
| '''-ditaxe'''
| to work (in past)
|-
! Future
| ne-
| '''-netaxe'''
| to work (in future)
|}

====Aspect====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;"
! Durative
| -
| '''taḥla'''
| to speak
|-
! Frequentative
| -ri / -re
| '''taḥlare'''
| to speak often
|-
! Momentane
| -at / -ət / -t
| '''taḥlat'''
| quickly to say
|-
! Perfective
| -es / -is / -s
| '''taḥlas'''
| to say
|}

====Transitivity====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;"
! Transitive
| -
| '''tem'''
| to see (in transitive clause)
|-
! Intransitive
| -an- / -ən- / -n-
| '''teman'''
| to see (in intransitive clause)
|}

====Moods====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;"
! Realis
| -
| '''ak'''
| to go
|-
! Irrealis
| -ad / -əd / -d
| '''axad'''
| ... would go
|}

====Person====

=====Subjective=====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|
! colspan=3 | Singular
! colspan=3 |Plural
|-
! rowspan=2 | 1.
| rowspan=2 | li-
| rowspan=2 | '''liṭim'''
| rowspan=2 | I am seeing
| ni-
| '''niṭim'''
| we all are seeing, but not you
|-
| pi-
| '''piṭim'''
| we all are seeing, together with you
|-
! 2.
| sə-
| '''səṭim'''
| Thou art seeing
| to-
| '''toṭem'''
| You all are seeing
|-
! 3.
| ka-
| '''kaṭem'''
| He / she / it is seeing
| 'ah-
| '''ahoṭem'''
| They all are seeing
|-
! 4.
| 'eŋ-
| ''''eŋtem'''
| Someone / something is seeing
|}

=====Objective=====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|
! colspan=3 | Singular
! colspan=3 |Plural
|-
! rowspan=2 | 1.
| rowspan=2 | -li-
| rowspan=2 | '''-liṭim'''
| rowspan=2 | I am seeing
| -ni-
| '''-niṭim'''
| we all are seeing, but not you
|-
| -fi-
| '''-fiṭim'''
| we all are seeing, together with you
|-
! 2.
| -sə-
| '''-səṭim'''
| Thou art seeing
| -ṭo-
| '''-ṭoṭem'''
| You all are seeing
|-
! 3.
| -xa-
| '''-xaṭem'''
| He / she / it is seeing
| -hah-
| '''-hahṭem'''
| They all are seeing
|-
! 4.
| -heŋ-
| '''-heŋtem'''
| Someone / something is seeing
|}

====Non-finite verbal forms====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;"
! Action noun
| -ja / -jə
| '''bavja'''
| living
|-
! Infinitive
| -ko / -ku
| '''bavko''''
| to live
|-
! Participle
| -jem / -jim
| '''bavjem'''
| living
|}

===Adjective / Adverb===

====Degrees of comparison====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
! Positive
! Comparative
! Superlative
|-
| -
| -ses / -sis
| -tat / -tət
|-
| '''jev'''
| '''jevses'''
| '''jevtat'''
|-
| good
| better
| best
|}

===Numerals===

====Cardinal numerals====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;"
! 1.
| 'aṭan
|-
! 2.
| sixik
|-
! 3.
| tamek
|-
! 4.
| tamek 'aṭan
|-
! 5.
| tamek sixik
|}

====Derived numerals====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
| rowspan=2 |
! Ordinal
! Multiplicative
! Reproductive
! Distributive
|-
! '''a''
! ''kal'a''
! ''pəṭ'ə''
! ''taha''
|-
! 1.
| 'a 'aṭan
| kal'a 'aṭan
| pəṭ'ə 'aṭan
| taha 'aṭan
|-
! 2.
| 'a sixik
| kal'a sixik
| pəṭ'ə sixik
| taha sixik
|-
! 3.
| 'a tamek
| kal'a tamek
| pəṭ'ə tamek
| taha tamek
|-
! 4.
| 'a tamek 'aṭan
| kal'a tamek 'aṭan
| pəṭ'ə tamek 'aṭan
| taha tamek 'aṭan
|-
! 5.
| 'a tamek sixik
| kal'a tamek sixik
| pəṭ'ə tamek sixik
| taha tamek sixik
|}

===Pronouns===

* clusivity
* age hierarchy: young, average, older.

====Personal pronouns====

=====Young age=====

======Subjective======

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|
! colspan=3 | Singular
! colspan=3 |Plural
|-
! rowspan=2 | 1.
| rowspan=2 | '''lixi'''
| rowspan=2 | I
| '''nixi'''
| we, but not you
|-
| '''pixi'''
| we, together with you
|-
! 2.
| '''səxi'''
| Thou
| '''toxi'''
| You all
|-
! 3.
| '''kaxi'''
| He / she / it
| ''''ahki'''
| They all
|-
! 4.
| ''''eŋki'''
| Someone / something
|}

======Objective======

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|
! colspan=3 | Singular
! colspan=3 |Plural
|-
! rowspan=2 | 1.
| rowspan=2 | '''lilki'''
| rowspan=2 | me
| '''nilki'''
| us all, but not you
|-
| '''filki'''
| us all, together with you
|-
! 2.
| '''səlki'''
| Thee
| '''tolke'''
| You all
|-
! 3.
| '''kalke'''
| He / she / it
| ''''alehke'''
| Them all
|-
! 4.
| ''''eŋelke'''
| Someone / something
|}

=====Average=====

======Subjective======

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|
! colspan=3 | Singular
! colspan=3 |Plural
|-
! rowspan=2 | 1.
| rowspan=2 | '''li'''
| rowspan=2 | I
| '''ni'''
| we all, but not you
|-
| '''pi'''
| we all, together with you
|-
! 2.
| '''sə'''
| Thou
| '''tol'''
| You all
|-
! 3.
| '''ka'''
| He / she / it
| ''''ahl'''
| They all
|-
! 4.
| ''''eŋ'''
| Someone / something
|}

======Objective======

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|
! colspan=3 | Singular
! colspan=3 |Plural
|-
! rowspan=2 | 1.
| rowspan=2 | '''lil'''
| rowspan=2 | I
| '''nil'''
| us all, but not you
|-
| '''fil'''
| us all, together with you
|-
! 2.
| '''səl'''
| Thee
| '''tol'''
| You all
|-
! 3.
| '''kal'''
| Him / her / its
| ''''ahl'''
| Them all
|-
! 4.
| ''''eŋel'''
| Someone / something
|}

=====Older=====

======Subjective======

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|
! colspan=3 | Singular
! colspan=3 |Plural
|-
! rowspan=2 | 1.
| rowspan=2 | '''lisəp'''
| rowspan=2 | I
| '''nisəp'''
| we all, but not you
|-
| '''pisəp'''
| we all, together with you
|-
! 2.
| '''səsəp'''
| Thou
| '''tosap'''
| You all
|-
! 3.
| '''kasap'''
| He / she / it
| ''''ahsap'''
| They all
|-
! 4.
| ''''eŋsap'''
| Someone / something
|}

======Objective======

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|
! colspan=3 | Singular
! colspan=3 |Plural
|-
! rowspan=2 | 1.
| rowspan=2 | '''lilsəp'''
| rowspan=2 | me
| '''nilsəp'''
| us all, but not you
|-
| '''filsəp'''
| us all, together with you
|-
! 2.
| '''səlsəp'''
| Thee
| '''tolsap'''
| You all
|-
! 3.
| '''kalsap'''
| Him / her / its
| ''''ahelsap'''
| Them all
|-
! 4.
| '''heŋelsap'''
| Someone / something
|}

====Demonstrative pronouns====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|-
|
! colspan=2 | Definite
! colspan=2 | Indefinite
|-
! Person / Object
| '''di'''
| this
| '''mu'''
| someone / something
|-
! Place
| ''''aḍe'''
| here
| '''maṭamo'''
| somewhere
|-
! Path
| '''tahaḍe'''
| this way
| '''tahamo'''
| some way
|-
! Time
| '''naxatḍe'''
| now
| '''naxatmo'''
| then
|-
|-
! Method
| ''''eseḍe'''
| in this way
| ''''esemo'''
| in some way
|-
! Quantity
| '''nafḍe'''
| so much
|-
! Qualify
| '''saḍoḍe'''
| like this
| '''saḍome'''
| like something
|-
! Reason
| '''kafraḍe'''
| for this reason
| '''kaframo'''
| for some reason
|}

====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|-
|
! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative
! colspan=2 | Indefinite
! colspan=2 | Unlimited
|-
! Person / Object
| '''pə'''
| who ? which ?
| '''pəfə'''
| someone
| '''pərəsu'''
| anyone
|-
! Place
| '''pəha'''
| where ?
| '''pəhəfə'''
| somewhere
| '''pəhərəsu'''
| anywhere
|-
! Path
| '''pəṭəhə'''
| which way ?
| '''pəṭəhəfə'''
| via some way
| '''pəṭəhərəsu'''
| via any way
|-
! Time
| '''pənəxət'''
| when ?
| '''pənəxəṭfə'''
| once
| '''pənəxərəsu'''
| ever
|-
! Method
| '''pəhisi'''
| how ?
| '''pəhisifə'''
| somehow
| '''pəhisirəsu'''
| anyhow
|-
! Quantity
| '''pənəf'''
| how much ?
| '''pənəffə'''
| somehow much
| '''pənəfrəsu'''
| anyhow much
|-
! Quality
| '''pəsəḍu'''
| which one ?
| '''pəsəḍufə'''
| some
| '''pəsəḍurəsu'''
| any
|-
! Reason
| '''pəxəfrə'''
| why ?
|-
|}

====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|-
|
! colspan=2 | Negative
! colspan=2 | Universal
! colspan=2 | Alternative
|-
! Person / Object
| '''lofa'''
| nobody, nothing
| '''sarafa'''
| every
| '''pənuxi'''
| anyone else
|-
! Place
| '''loha'''
| nowhere
| '''saraha'''
| everywhere
| ''''anoxe'''
| elswhere
|-
! Path
| '''loṭəhə'''
| through no way
| '''saraṭəhə'''
| through all ways
| '''tahanoxe'''
| which way else
|-
! Time
| '''lonaxat'''
| never
| '''saranaxat'''
| always
| '''naxaṭnoxe'''
| when else
|-
! Method
| '''lohese'''
| nohow
| '''sarahese'''
| in all methods
| ''''isinuxi'''
| otherwise
|-
! Quantity
| '''lonap'''
| nothing
| '''saranap'''
| otherwise than so many
|-
! Quality
| '''losaḍo'''
| neuter, indistinct
| '''sarasaḍo'''
| any
| '''saḍonap'''
| other
|}

====Numeral pronouns====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;"
|-
! Interrogative / Relative
| '''pənəf'''
| how much ?
|-
! Indefinite
| '''nafḍe'''
| write a number
|-
! Unlimited
| '''pənəfrəsu'''
| however many
|-
! Negative
| '''lonap'''
| nothing
|-
! Alternative
| '''saranap'''
| otherwise than so many
|}

====Reflexive-reciprocal pronoun====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;"
|-
! Reflexive / Reciprocal
| '''nun'''
| oneself / each other
|}

===Particles===

====Conjunctions====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;"
! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions
|-
! Copulative
| ''''i'''
| and
|-
! Conjunctive
| ''''ihi'''
| also
|-
! Disjunctive
| '''bəs'''
| or
|-
! Contrastive, exceptional
| ''''ahe'''
| but
|-
! Consequentive
| '''jahe'''
| so
|-
! Comparative
| ''''ohe'''
| than
|-
| colspan=3 |
|-
! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions
|-
| colspan=2 | '''koxese'''
| to, for
|-
| colspan=2 | ''''ofet'''
| althought
|-
| colspan=2 | '''tiṭi'''
| because
|-
| colspan=2 | '''ja'o'''
| if
|-
| colspan=2 | ''''erep'''
| that, providing
|}

====Modifiers====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
|-
! Restrictive
| ''''aṭat'''
| only
|-
! Additive
| ''''aṭe'a'''
| yet
|}

====Polarity particles====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
! Affirmative
| ''''at'''
| yes
|-
! Negative
| '''lo'''
| no
|}

==Word formation==

===Compounding===

===Derivation===

====Noun====

===== Noun to noun=====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|-
! Diminutive
| '''-ki / -ke'''
| '''tahoje''' → '''tahojeke'''
| daughter → little daughter
|-
! Augmentative
| '''-ram / -rəm'''
| '''baḥgo''' → '''baḥgoram'''
| mountain → grand mountain
|-
! Contradiction
| '''lo-'''
| '''binə''' → '''lobena'''
| human → non-human
|-
! Similarity
| '''-kavka / -kəvkə'''
| '''koḍeb''' → '''koḍevkavka'''
| tree → pseudo-tree
|-
! Half
| '''-pok / -puk'''
| '''burk''' → '''burxpuk'''
| dog → half-dog
|-
! Relational abstract
| '''-jak / -jək'''
| '''naḍaŋ''' → '''naḍaŋjak'''
| brother → brotherhood
|-
! Related person
| '''-binə / -bena'''
| '''muxbi''' → '''muxbibinə'''
| cow → cowman
|-
! Collective
| '''-tahe / -təhi'''
| ''''afla''' → ''''aflatahe'''
| bird → birds (a a collective)
|-
! Place
| '''-'a / -'ə / -ha / -hə'''
| '''pirfir''' → '''pirfir'ə'''
| fire → campfire
|-
! Art / Craft
| '''-məfki / -mafke'''
| '''kovad''' → '''kovaḍmafke'''
| war → craft of war
|-
! Knowledge
| '''-deme / -dimi'''
| '''soxma''' → '''soxmadimi'''
| herb → herbalism
|-
! Expert
| '''-jem'''
| '''soxma''' → '''soxmajem'''
| herb → herbalist
|}

=====Noun to adjective=====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|-
! Possessive
| '''-əni / -ane / -ni / -ne'''
| '''binə''' → '''binəni'''
| man → human
|-
! Originative
| '''-əni / -ane / -ni / -ne'''
| '''dande''' → '''dandane'''
| sky → celestial
|-
! Similaritive
| '''-kavkan / -kəvkən'''
| '''burk''' → '''burxkəvkən'''
| dog → canid
|-
! Feature
| '''-əni / -ane / -ni / -ne'''
| '''salaj''' → '''salajne'''
| hair → hairy
|-
! Affiliative
| '''-əni / -ane / -ni / -ne'''
| '''govta''' → '''govtane'''
| family → familiar
|-
! Privative
| '''lo-...-əni / -ane / -ni / -ne'''
| '''kefe''' → '''lokefene'''
| tooth → toothless
|}

====Verb====

=====Verb to noun=====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|-
! Agentive
| '''-jem / -jim'''
| '''kent-''' → '''kentjem'''
| (to) shoot → shooter
|-
! Experiencer, adressee, object
| '''-(ə)n-jim / -(a)n-jem'''
| '''tak-''' → '''takanjem'''
| (to) teach → learner
|-
! Result
| '''-ben / -bin'''
| '''tab-''' → '''tavben'''
| (to) fall → (a) fall
|-
! Instance
| '''-'''
| '''taḥla-''' → '''taḥla'''
| (to) speak → speech
|-
! Instrument
| '''-mane / -məni'''
| '''talp-''' → '''talpmane'''
| (to) beat → whip
|-
! Place
| '''-'a / -ha / -'ə / -hə'''
| '''təm-''' → '''təm'a'''
| (to) kill → slaughterhouse
|}

=====Verb to verb=====

====Adjective====

=====Adjective to noun=====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|-
! Abstract
| '''-jak / -jək'''
| '''bahol''' → '''baholjak'''
| strong → strength
|}

=====Adjective to adjective=====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
! Intensification
| '''-gere / -giri'''
| '''dubu''' → '''dubugiri'''
| big → very big
|-
! Excess
| '''-kat / -xat / -kət / -xət'''
| '''tifi''' → '''tifixət'''
| small → too small
|}

==Syntax==

===Word order===

* SOV
* head-initial

===Copular particles===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;"
! Translative
| '''sin'''
| became
|-
! Essive
| '''tu''''
| be
|}

===Causativity===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
! rowspan=4 colspan=1 | kuft
|-
| rowspan=3 colspan=1 | to cause
| '''litimən → litimən likuft'''
| I am seeing → I am showing
|-
| '''lihəxən → lihəxən likuft'''
| I am going → I am leading
|-
| '''lifərən → lifərən likuft'''
| I am carrying → I am elevating
|}

== See Also ==

{{ELWorld_LanguageNav}}
{{Navbox| list1 = [[Image:Basemap.png|alt=Alt text|32px|Building an Earthlike World]][[Portal:Building an Earthlike World| '''Earthlike World''']] '''portal'''}}
[[Category:ELWorld]]

Proto-Kinnərə language - Revision history

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