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	<title>Proto-Mkxwereh language - Revision history</title>
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	<updated>2026-07-22T06:36:14Z</updated>
	<subtitle>Revision history for this page on the wiki</subtitle>
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	<entry>
		<id>http://ahworlds.raythe.org/index.php?title=Proto-Mkxwereh_language&amp;diff=103&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Manomow: Created page with &quot;{{Infobox language |name          = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation =  |region        = Seforma |familycolor   = Proto-Mkxwereh  |map    = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{lege...&quot;</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://ahworlds.raythe.org/index.php?title=Proto-Mkxwereh_language&amp;diff=103&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2016-12-30T09:08:34Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Created page with &amp;quot;{{Infobox language |name          = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation =  |region        = Seforma |familycolor   = Proto-Mkxwereh  |map    = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{lege...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;New page&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox language&lt;br /&gt;
|name          = Proto-Mkxwereh&lt;br /&gt;
|pronunciation = &lt;br /&gt;
|region        = Seforma&lt;br /&gt;
|familycolor   = Proto-Mkxwereh&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|map    = ProtoMkxwereh.png&lt;br /&gt;
|mapcaption =&lt;br /&gt;
{{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Phonology ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Consonants===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
! Bilabial&lt;br /&gt;
! Labiodental&lt;br /&gt;
! Alveolar&lt;br /&gt;
! Postalveolar&lt;br /&gt;
! Palatal&lt;br /&gt;
! Velar&lt;br /&gt;
! Labialized velar&lt;br /&gt;
! Glottal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Nasal&lt;br /&gt;
| m&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
| n&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Plosive&lt;br /&gt;
| p b&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
| t d&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
| k g&lt;br /&gt;
| kʷ gʷ&lt;br /&gt;
| ʔ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Affricate&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
| p̪͡f b̪͡v&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
| t͡ʃ d͡ʒ&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
| k͡x g͡ɣ&lt;br /&gt;
| k͡xʷ g͡ɣʷ&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Fricative&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
| f v&lt;br /&gt;
| θ̱ ð̱&lt;br /&gt;
| ʃ ʒ&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
| x ɣ&lt;br /&gt;
| xʷ ɣʷ&lt;br /&gt;
| ɦ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Tap&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
| ɾ&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Glide&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
| j&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Lateral approximant&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
| l&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
| ʟ&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Spelling====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
b d g gʷ /b d g gw/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
m n /m n/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
l ʟ /l ł/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ɾ /r/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
j /y/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Vowels===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
! Front&lt;br /&gt;
! Central&lt;br /&gt;
! Back&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Close&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
| ɨ ɨː&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Mid&lt;br /&gt;
| e̞ e̞ː&lt;br /&gt;
| ə əː&lt;br /&gt;
| o̞ o̞ː&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Open&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
| ä äː&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Spelling====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ɨ ɨː /i í/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ä äː /a á/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Phonotactics===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
n-P = non-plosive consonant&lt;br /&gt;
V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Accent===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Grammar ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Nouns===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* split-active alignment&lt;br /&gt;
* three-way object&lt;br /&gt;
* two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate&lt;br /&gt;
* six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative&lt;br /&gt;
* number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural&lt;br /&gt;
* relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Noun class and number====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; width: 475px;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! Animate singular&lt;br /&gt;
| š- / šə-&lt;br /&gt;
| '''šmer'''&lt;br /&gt;
| man&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Animate plural&lt;br /&gt;
| t- / tə-&lt;br /&gt;
| '''tmer'''&lt;br /&gt;
| men&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Inanimate singular&lt;br /&gt;
| '- / -&lt;br /&gt;
| '''kxwek'''&lt;br /&gt;
| stone&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Inanimate plural&lt;br /&gt;
| l- / ł-&lt;br /&gt;
| '''łkxwek'''&lt;br /&gt;
| stones&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Declension====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; width: 475px&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! Absolutive&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| '''šəḫwá'''&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=2 | jaguar&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Ergative&lt;br /&gt;
| -at / -t&lt;br /&gt;
| '''šəḫwát'''&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Genetive&lt;br /&gt;
| -ja&lt;br /&gt;
| '''šəḫwája'''&lt;br /&gt;
| of jaguar&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Dative&lt;br /&gt;
| -ri&lt;br /&gt;
| '''šəḫwári'''&lt;br /&gt;
| to/for jaguar&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Instrumental&lt;br /&gt;
| -nen&lt;br /&gt;
| '''šəḫwánen'''&lt;br /&gt;
| by/with jaguar&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Locative&lt;br /&gt;
| -lo&lt;br /&gt;
| '''šəḫwálo'''&lt;br /&gt;
| (in/on) jaguar&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Relational nouns====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Šəbver kəθ kxiθlo vakxəja kəθja sapf.'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''&amp;quot;The dog is sleeping on top of the mat.&amp;quot;''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; width: 230px;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 'ałaθ&lt;br /&gt;
| inside&lt;br /&gt;
| in&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! kxiθ&lt;br /&gt;
| top &lt;br /&gt;
| on&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! tšə́kxa&lt;br /&gt;
| head&lt;br /&gt;
| above&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! gḫóm&lt;br /&gt;
| bottom&lt;br /&gt;
| under&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! tap&lt;br /&gt;
| side&lt;br /&gt;
| beside&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! bárə&lt;br /&gt;
| distance&lt;br /&gt;
| away&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! tóntə&lt;br /&gt;
| centre&lt;br /&gt;
| between&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! klep&lt;br /&gt;
| back&lt;br /&gt;
| behind, after&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! bve&lt;br /&gt;
| outside&lt;br /&gt;
| out&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 'ołog&lt;br /&gt;
| wheel&lt;br /&gt;
| around&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! trap&lt;br /&gt;
| front&lt;br /&gt;
| before, opposite to&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! yéme&lt;br /&gt;
| time&lt;br /&gt;
| during, in time of&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Verbs===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* affirmativity (suffixal)&lt;br /&gt;
* four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past&lt;br /&gt;
* two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive&lt;br /&gt;
* four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive&lt;br /&gt;
* Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative)&lt;br /&gt;
* three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity&lt;br /&gt;
* evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Affirmativity + Evidentiality''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Tense====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! Remote past&lt;br /&gt;
| -ə́ḫw / -ḫw&lt;br /&gt;
| ''''etə́ḫw'''&lt;br /&gt;
| to go (action in far past, but no later as week or two weeks ago)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Prehodiernal past&lt;br /&gt;
| -l / -ł&lt;br /&gt;
| ''''etl'''&lt;br /&gt;
| to go (action accomplished before today, but no further as week or two weeks ago)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Hodiernal past&lt;br /&gt;
| -iθ / -θ&lt;br /&gt;
| ''''etiθ'''&lt;br /&gt;
| to go (action accomplished earlier today)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Non-past&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| ''''et'''&lt;br /&gt;
| to go (action in present or future time)&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Aspect====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; width: 475px;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! Incompletive&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| '''θlál'''&lt;br /&gt;
| to think (action is incompleted)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Completive&lt;br /&gt;
| pe- / pe'-&lt;br /&gt;
| '''peθlál'''&lt;br /&gt;
| to think (action is completed)&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Voice====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=3 | Direct&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=3 | Causative&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Active&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| '''gwéð'''&lt;br /&gt;
| to see&lt;br /&gt;
| -nə-&lt;br /&gt;
| '''gwénəð'''&lt;br /&gt;
| to show&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Passive&lt;br /&gt;
| [copular verb + passive participle]&lt;br /&gt;
| ''''ar gwéðaf'''&lt;br /&gt;
| to be seen&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| ''''ar gwénəðaf'''&lt;br /&gt;
| to be shown&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Moods====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; width: 475px;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! Declarative&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| '''kwáyl'''&lt;br /&gt;
| to speak&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Energetic&lt;br /&gt;
| -to&lt;br /&gt;
| '''kwáylto'''&lt;br /&gt;
| surely to speak&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Conditional&lt;br /&gt;
| -lá-&lt;br /&gt;
| '''kwáyllá'''&lt;br /&gt;
| would speak&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Subjunctive&lt;br /&gt;
| -šə́&lt;br /&gt;
| '''kwáylšə́'''&lt;br /&gt;
| may speak&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Polarity====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; width: 475px;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! Affirmative&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| '''ket-'''&lt;br /&gt;
| to stand&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Negative&lt;br /&gt;
| -ma-&lt;br /&gt;
| '''ketam-'''&lt;br /&gt;
| don't to stand&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Evidentiality====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! From first hand&lt;br /&gt;
| -kí&lt;br /&gt;
| ''''akwakí'''&lt;br /&gt;
| to drink (and it is known from direct witness)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! From second hand&lt;br /&gt;
| -yo&lt;br /&gt;
| ''''akwayo'''&lt;br /&gt;
| to drink (and it is known from indirect source)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! From other hands&lt;br /&gt;
| -noh&lt;br /&gt;
| ''''akwanoh'''&lt;br /&gt;
| to drink (and it is known from widespread rumor)&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Person====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=====Inactive=====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=3 | Singular&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=3 | Plural&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1.&lt;br /&gt;
| -am / -'am&lt;br /&gt;
| '''hotšam'''&lt;br /&gt;
| I lie, I am situated&lt;br /&gt;
| -ant / -'ant&lt;br /&gt;
| '''hotšant'''&lt;br /&gt;
| we lie, we are situated&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2.&lt;br /&gt;
| -eθ / -'eθ&lt;br /&gt;
| '''hotšeθ'''&lt;br /&gt;
| thou lie, thu art situated&lt;br /&gt;
| -eθt&lt;br /&gt;
| '''hotšeθt'''&lt;br /&gt;
| you lie, you are situated&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3.&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| '''hotš'''&lt;br /&gt;
| he / she / it lie, I am situated&lt;br /&gt;
| -í / -'í&lt;br /&gt;
| '''hotše'''&lt;br /&gt;
| they lie, they are situated&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=====Active=====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=3 | Singular&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=3 | Plural&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1.&lt;br /&gt;
| -oy / -'oy&lt;br /&gt;
| '''haboy'''&lt;br /&gt;
| I am working&lt;br /&gt;
| -oyt&lt;br /&gt;
| '''haboyt'''&lt;br /&gt;
| we are working&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2.&lt;br /&gt;
| -ił / -'ił&lt;br /&gt;
| '''habił'''&lt;br /&gt;
| thou art working&lt;br /&gt;
| -iłt / -'iłt&lt;br /&gt;
| '''habiłt'''&lt;br /&gt;
| you are working&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3.&lt;br /&gt;
| -əh / -'əh&lt;br /&gt;
| '''habəh'''&lt;br /&gt;
| he / she / it are working&lt;br /&gt;
| -əht / -'əht&lt;br /&gt;
| '''habəht'''&lt;br /&gt;
| they are working&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Non-finite verbs====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=====Infinitives=====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; width: 400px;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! Action noun&lt;br /&gt;
| -lon&lt;br /&gt;
| '''gwéðlon'''&lt;br /&gt;
| vision, seeing&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Infinitive&lt;br /&gt;
| -la&lt;br /&gt;
| '''gwéðla'''&lt;br /&gt;
| to see&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Supinum&lt;br /&gt;
| -lik&lt;br /&gt;
| '''gwéðlik'''&lt;br /&gt;
| to/for seeing&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=====Participles=====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
======Adjectivals======&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; width: 400px;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! Active&lt;br /&gt;
| -or / -'or&lt;br /&gt;
| '''gwéðor'''&lt;br /&gt;
| seeing&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Passive&lt;br /&gt;
| -af / -'af&lt;br /&gt;
| '''gwéðaf'''&lt;br /&gt;
| seen&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
======Adverbials======&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; width: 400px;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! Active&lt;br /&gt;
| -or-e / -'or-e&lt;br /&gt;
| '''gwéðore'''&lt;br /&gt;
| seeing&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Passive&lt;br /&gt;
| -af-e / -'af-e&lt;br /&gt;
| '''gwéðafe'''&lt;br /&gt;
| seen&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Adjectives===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Degrees of comparison====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; width: 400px;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! Positive&lt;br /&gt;
! Comparative&lt;br /&gt;
! Superlative&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| yó&lt;br /&gt;
| féx&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ''''išah'''&lt;br /&gt;
| '''yó 'išah'''&lt;br /&gt;
| '''féx 'išah'''&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| good&lt;br /&gt;
| better&lt;br /&gt;
| best&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Adverbs===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Degrees of comparison====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; width: 400px;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! Positive&lt;br /&gt;
! Comparative&lt;br /&gt;
! Superlative&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| -&lt;br /&gt;
| yó&lt;br /&gt;
| féx&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| ''''išahe'''&lt;br /&gt;
| '''yó 'išahe'''&lt;br /&gt;
| '''féx 'išahe'''&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| well&lt;br /&gt;
| better&lt;br /&gt;
| best&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Numerals===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Cardinal numerals====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; width: 260px;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! 1.&lt;br /&gt;
| moyto&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2.&lt;br /&gt;
| baryá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3.&lt;br /&gt;
| fobyeh&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 4.&lt;br /&gt;
| 'inepe&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 5.&lt;br /&gt;
| metlé&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 6.&lt;br /&gt;
| džorgḫo&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 7.&lt;br /&gt;
| tšołor&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 8.&lt;br /&gt;
| θigol&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 9.&lt;br /&gt;
| kinsár&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 10.&lt;br /&gt;
| tárom&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 11.&lt;br /&gt;
| tárom moyto&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 12.&lt;br /&gt;
| tárom baryá&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 20.&lt;br /&gt;
| baryá tárom&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 21.&lt;br /&gt;
| baryá tárom moyto&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 30&lt;br /&gt;
| fobyeh tárom&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 100.&lt;br /&gt;
| tartár&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Derived numerals====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=2 |&lt;br /&gt;
! Ordinal&lt;br /&gt;
! Multiplicative&lt;br /&gt;
! Reproductive&lt;br /&gt;
! Distributive&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! ''yá''&lt;br /&gt;
! ''kxaya''&lt;br /&gt;
! ''kotša''&lt;br /&gt;
! ''fey''&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1.&lt;br /&gt;
| '''moyto yá'''&lt;br /&gt;
| '''moyto kxaya'''&lt;br /&gt;
| '''moyto kotša'''&lt;br /&gt;
| '''moyto fey'''&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Pronouns===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* active and inactive forms&lt;br /&gt;
* no clusivity&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Personal pronouns====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=====Inactives=====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=2 colspan=1 | &lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=4 | Animate&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=4 | Inaminate&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2 | Singular&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2 | Plural&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2 | Singular&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2 | Plural&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1.&lt;br /&gt;
| '''šná'''&lt;br /&gt;
| I / me&lt;br /&gt;
| '''tə́n'''&lt;br /&gt;
| we / us&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=4 | &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2.&lt;br /&gt;
| '''šəyé'''&lt;br /&gt;
| thou / thee&lt;br /&gt;
| '''təyé'''&lt;br /&gt;
| you&lt;br /&gt;
| '''yé'''&lt;br /&gt;
| thou / thee&lt;br /&gt;
| '''lyé'''&lt;br /&gt;
| you&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3.&lt;br /&gt;
| '''šəθə́'''&lt;br /&gt;
| he / him / she / her&lt;br /&gt;
| '''təθə́'''&lt;br /&gt;
| they / them&lt;br /&gt;
| '''θə́'''&lt;br /&gt;
| it&lt;br /&gt;
| '''lθé'''&lt;br /&gt;
| they / them&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=====Actives=====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; width: 475px;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2 | Singular&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2 | Plural&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1.&lt;br /&gt;
| '''šoy'''&lt;br /&gt;
| I&lt;br /&gt;
| '''toy'''&lt;br /&gt;
| we&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2.&lt;br /&gt;
| '''šił'''&lt;br /&gt;
| thou&lt;br /&gt;
| '''tił'''&lt;br /&gt;
| you&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3.&lt;br /&gt;
| '''šəh'''&lt;br /&gt;
| he / she&lt;br /&gt;
| '''təh'''&lt;br /&gt;
| they&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Possessive pronouns====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=2 colspan=1 | &lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=4 | Animate&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=4 | Inaminate&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2 | Singular&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2 | Plural&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2 | Singular&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2 | Plural&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 1.&lt;br /&gt;
| '''šnár'''&lt;br /&gt;
| I / me&lt;br /&gt;
| '''tə́nr'''&lt;br /&gt;
| we / us&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=4 | &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 2.&lt;br /&gt;
| '''šəyér'''&lt;br /&gt;
| thou / thee&lt;br /&gt;
| '''təyér'''&lt;br /&gt;
| you&lt;br /&gt;
| '''yér'''&lt;br /&gt;
| thou / thee&lt;br /&gt;
| '''lyér'''&lt;br /&gt;
| you&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! 3.&lt;br /&gt;
| '''šəθə́r'''&lt;br /&gt;
| he / him / she / her&lt;br /&gt;
| '''təθə́r'''&lt;br /&gt;
| they / them&lt;br /&gt;
| '''θə́r'''&lt;br /&gt;
| it&lt;br /&gt;
| '''lθér'''&lt;br /&gt;
| they / them&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Demonstrative pronouns====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2 | Proper&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2 | Distant&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2 | Indefinite&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Person / Object&lt;br /&gt;
| '''kəθ'''&lt;br /&gt;
| this&lt;br /&gt;
| '''dəθ'''&lt;br /&gt;
| that&lt;br /&gt;
| '''xəθ'''&lt;br /&gt;
| someone / something there&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Place&lt;br /&gt;
| '''kətal'''&lt;br /&gt;
| here&lt;br /&gt;
| '''dətal'''&lt;br /&gt;
| there&lt;br /&gt;
| '''xətal'''&lt;br /&gt;
| somewhere there&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Source&lt;br /&gt;
| '''kətalat'''&lt;br /&gt;
| from here&lt;br /&gt;
| '''dətalat'''&lt;br /&gt;
| from there&lt;br /&gt;
| '''xətalat'''&lt;br /&gt;
| from somewhere there&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Purpose direction&lt;br /&gt;
| '''kətalto'''&lt;br /&gt;
| to here&lt;br /&gt;
| '''dətalto'''&lt;br /&gt;
| to there, so far&lt;br /&gt;
| '''xətalto'''&lt;br /&gt;
| to somewhere there&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Path&lt;br /&gt;
| '''kəstak'''&lt;br /&gt;
| this way&lt;br /&gt;
| '''dəstak'''&lt;br /&gt;
| that way&lt;br /&gt;
| '''xəstak'''&lt;br /&gt;
| some way&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Time&lt;br /&gt;
| '''kəyém'''&lt;br /&gt;
| now&lt;br /&gt;
| '''dəyém'''&lt;br /&gt;
| then&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Method&lt;br /&gt;
| '''kəmand'''&lt;br /&gt;
| in this way&lt;br /&gt;
| '''dəmand'''&lt;br /&gt;
| in that way&lt;br /&gt;
| '''xəmand'''&lt;br /&gt;
| in some way&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Quantity&lt;br /&gt;
| '''kəfla'''&lt;br /&gt;
| so much&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Qualify&lt;br /&gt;
| '''kətrenθ'''&lt;br /&gt;
| like this here&lt;br /&gt;
| '''dətrenθ'''&lt;br /&gt;
| like that&lt;br /&gt;
| '''xətrenθ'''&lt;br /&gt;
| like something there&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Reason&lt;br /&gt;
| '''kəšerk'''&lt;br /&gt;
| for this reason&lt;br /&gt;
| '''dəšerk'''&lt;br /&gt;
| for that reason&lt;br /&gt;
| '''xəšerk'''&lt;br /&gt;
| for some reason&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2 | Indefinite&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2 | Unlimited&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Person / Object&lt;br /&gt;
| '''twa'''&lt;br /&gt;
| who ? which ?&lt;br /&gt;
| '''twali'''&lt;br /&gt;
| someone&lt;br /&gt;
| '''θeθtwali'''&lt;br /&gt;
| anyone&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Place&lt;br /&gt;
| '''twatal'''&lt;br /&gt;
| where ?&lt;br /&gt;
| '''twatalli'''&lt;br /&gt;
| somewhere&lt;br /&gt;
| '''θeθtwatali'''&lt;br /&gt;
| anywhere&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Source&lt;br /&gt;
| '''twatalat'''&lt;br /&gt;
| whence ?&lt;br /&gt;
| '''twatalli'at'''&lt;br /&gt;
| from somewhere&lt;br /&gt;
| '''θeθtwatalli'at'''&lt;br /&gt;
| from anywhere&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Purpose direction&lt;br /&gt;
| '''twatalto'''&lt;br /&gt;
| whither ?&lt;br /&gt;
| '''twatallito'''&lt;br /&gt;
| to somewhere&lt;br /&gt;
| '''θeθtwatallito'''&lt;br /&gt;
| to anywhere&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Path&lt;br /&gt;
| '''twastak'''&lt;br /&gt;
| which way ?&lt;br /&gt;
| '''twastakli'''&lt;br /&gt;
| via some way&lt;br /&gt;
| '''θeθtwastakli'''&lt;br /&gt;
| via any way&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Time&lt;br /&gt;
| '''twayém'''&lt;br /&gt;
| when ?&lt;br /&gt;
| '''twayémli'''&lt;br /&gt;
| once&lt;br /&gt;
| '''θeθtwayémli'''&lt;br /&gt;
| ever&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Method&lt;br /&gt;
| '''twamand'''&lt;br /&gt;
| how ?&lt;br /&gt;
| '''twamandli'''&lt;br /&gt;
| somehow&lt;br /&gt;
| '''θeθtwamandli'''&lt;br /&gt;
| anyhow&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Quantity&lt;br /&gt;
| '''twafla'''&lt;br /&gt;
| how much ?&lt;br /&gt;
| '''twaflali'''&lt;br /&gt;
| somehow much&lt;br /&gt;
| '''θeθtwaflali'''&lt;br /&gt;
| anyhow much&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Quality&lt;br /&gt;
| '''twatrenθ'''&lt;br /&gt;
| which one ?&lt;br /&gt;
| '''twatrenθli'''&lt;br /&gt;
| some&lt;br /&gt;
| '''θeθtwatrenθli'''&lt;br /&gt;
| any&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Reason&lt;br /&gt;
| '''twašerk'''&lt;br /&gt;
| why ?&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2 | Negative&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2 | Universal&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2 | Alternative&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Person / Object&lt;br /&gt;
| '''matwa'''&lt;br /&gt;
| nobody, nothing&lt;br /&gt;
| '''xwášitwa'''&lt;br /&gt;
| every&lt;br /&gt;
| '''tenetwa'''&lt;br /&gt;
| anyone else&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Place&lt;br /&gt;
| '''matal'''&lt;br /&gt;
| nowhere&lt;br /&gt;
| '''xwášital'''&lt;br /&gt;
| everywhere&lt;br /&gt;
| '''tenetal'''&lt;br /&gt;
| elswhere&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Source&lt;br /&gt;
| '''matalat'''&lt;br /&gt;
| from nowhere&lt;br /&gt;
| '''xwášitalat'''&lt;br /&gt;
| from everywhere&lt;br /&gt;
| '''tenetalat'''&lt;br /&gt;
| from elswhere&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Purpose direction&lt;br /&gt;
| '''matalto'''&lt;br /&gt;
| to nowhere&lt;br /&gt;
| '''xwášitalto'''&lt;br /&gt;
| to everywhere&lt;br /&gt;
| '''tenetalto'''&lt;br /&gt;
| to elswhere&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Path&lt;br /&gt;
| '''mastak'''&lt;br /&gt;
| through no way&lt;br /&gt;
| '''xwášistak'''&lt;br /&gt;
| through all ways&lt;br /&gt;
| '''tenestak'''&lt;br /&gt;
| which way else&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Time&lt;br /&gt;
| '''mayém'''&lt;br /&gt;
| never&lt;br /&gt;
| '''xwášiyém'''&lt;br /&gt;
| always&lt;br /&gt;
| '''teneyém'''&lt;br /&gt;
| when else&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Method&lt;br /&gt;
| '''mamand'''&lt;br /&gt;
| nohow&lt;br /&gt;
| '''xwášimand'''&lt;br /&gt;
| in all methods&lt;br /&gt;
| '''tenemand'''&lt;br /&gt;
| otherwise&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Quantity&lt;br /&gt;
| '''mafla'''&lt;br /&gt;
| nothing&lt;br /&gt;
| '''tenefla'''&lt;br /&gt;
| otherwise than so many&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Quality&lt;br /&gt;
| '''matrenθ'''&lt;br /&gt;
| neuter, indistinct&lt;br /&gt;
| '''xwášitrenθ'''&lt;br /&gt;
| any&lt;br /&gt;
| '''tenetrenθ'''&lt;br /&gt;
| other&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Numeral pronouns====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; width: 430px;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Interrogative / Relative&lt;br /&gt;
| '''twafla'''&lt;br /&gt;
| how much ?&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Indefinite&lt;br /&gt;
| '''twaflali'''&lt;br /&gt;
| write a number&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Unlimited&lt;br /&gt;
| '''θeθtwaflali'''&lt;br /&gt;
| however many&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Negative&lt;br /&gt;
| '''mafla'''&lt;br /&gt;
| nothing&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Alternative&lt;br /&gt;
| '''tenefla'''&lt;br /&gt;
| otherwise than so many&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; width: 475px;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Reflexive / Reciprocal&lt;br /&gt;
| '''θen'''&lt;br /&gt;
| oneself / each other&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Cooperative&lt;br /&gt;
| '''θenem'''&lt;br /&gt;
| together cooperatively&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Postpositions===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; width: 625px;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Companion, attributive object&lt;br /&gt;
| ''''em'''&lt;br /&gt;
| with&lt;br /&gt;
! Instrumental&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Originative direction&lt;br /&gt;
| ''''at'''&lt;br /&gt;
| from&lt;br /&gt;
! Genetive&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Destinative direction, purpose, goal&lt;br /&gt;
| '''to'''&lt;br /&gt;
| to&lt;br /&gt;
! Genetive&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Lack&lt;br /&gt;
| '''ma'em'''&lt;br /&gt;
| without&lt;br /&gt;
! Genetive&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Alternative&lt;br /&gt;
| ''''áθ'''&lt;br /&gt;
| instead&lt;br /&gt;
! Genetive&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Contrary&lt;br /&gt;
| '''pfare'''&lt;br /&gt;
| against&lt;br /&gt;
! Dative&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Resistance&lt;br /&gt;
| '''tama'''&lt;br /&gt;
| despite, though&lt;br /&gt;
! Dative&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Stylization&lt;br /&gt;
| '''łándə'''&lt;br /&gt;
| along to, according to&lt;br /&gt;
! Dative&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Benefactive&lt;br /&gt;
| '''žot'''&lt;br /&gt;
| for, destined to&lt;br /&gt;
! Dative&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Essive&lt;br /&gt;
| '''xaš'''&lt;br /&gt;
| as, at character of&lt;br /&gt;
! Absolutive&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Particles===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Conjunctions====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; width: 300px;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Copulative&lt;br /&gt;
| '''že'''&lt;br /&gt;
| and&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Conjunctive&lt;br /&gt;
| '''žere'''&lt;br /&gt;
| also&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Disjunctive&lt;br /&gt;
| '''vah'''&lt;br /&gt;
| or&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Contrastive, exceptional&lt;br /&gt;
| '''atša'''&lt;br /&gt;
| but&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Consequentive&lt;br /&gt;
| '''ḫwa'''&lt;br /&gt;
| so&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Comparative&lt;br /&gt;
| '''lo'''&lt;br /&gt;
| than&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=3 |&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=2 | '''žežot'''&lt;br /&gt;
| to, for&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=2 | '''džate'''&lt;br /&gt;
| althought&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=2 | '''šerkem'''&lt;br /&gt;
| because&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=2 | ''''arže'''&lt;br /&gt;
| if&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=2 | '''kwó'''&lt;br /&gt;
| that, providing&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Modifiers====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; width: 400px;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Restrictive&lt;br /&gt;
|  '''moyto'e'''&lt;br /&gt;
| only&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Additive&lt;br /&gt;
| ''''arkwó'''&lt;br /&gt;
| yet&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Polarity particles====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; width: 400px;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! Affirmative&lt;br /&gt;
| '''kxay'''&lt;br /&gt;
| yes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Negative&lt;br /&gt;
| '''má'''&lt;br /&gt;
| no&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Word formation==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Compounding===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Derivation===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Noun====&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
===== Noun to noun=====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Diminutive&lt;br /&gt;
| '''-šik'''&lt;br /&gt;
| '''šəkwank''' → '''šəkwankšik'''&lt;br /&gt;
| daughter → little daughter&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Augmentative&lt;br /&gt;
| '''-vá'''&lt;br /&gt;
| '''móng''' → '''móngvá'''&lt;br /&gt;
| mountain → grand mountain&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Contradiction&lt;br /&gt;
| '''ma-'''&lt;br /&gt;
| '''šmer''' → '''mašmer'''&lt;br /&gt;
| human → non-human&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Similarity&lt;br /&gt;
| '''-trenθ'''&lt;br /&gt;
| '''θərpfə''' → '''θərpfətrenθ'''&lt;br /&gt;
| tree → pseudo-tree&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Half&lt;br /&gt;
| '''-ðáł'''&lt;br /&gt;
| '''šəbver''' → '''šəbverðáł'''&lt;br /&gt;
| dog → half-dog&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Relational abstract&lt;br /&gt;
| '''-yóh'''&lt;br /&gt;
| '''šxwére''' → '''šxwéreyóh'''&lt;br /&gt;
| brother → brotherhood&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Related person&lt;br /&gt;
| '''-ori'''&lt;br /&gt;
| '''škaplə''' → '''škaplori'''&lt;br /&gt;
| cow  → cowman&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Collective&lt;br /&gt;
| '''-ad-ah'''&lt;br /&gt;
| '''hapfa''' → '''hapfa'adah'''&lt;br /&gt;
| bird  → birds (a a collective)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Place&lt;br /&gt;
| '''-tal-ah'''&lt;br /&gt;
| '''tok''' → '''toktalah'''&lt;br /&gt;
| fire → campfire&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Art / Craft&lt;br /&gt;
| '''-ori-ah'''&lt;br /&gt;
| '''ḫwargḫa''' → '''ḫwargḫa'ori'ah'''&lt;br /&gt;
| war → craft of war&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Knowledge&lt;br /&gt;
| '''-yong-ah'''&lt;br /&gt;
| '''hiłgi''' → '''hiłgiyongah'''&lt;br /&gt;
| herb → herbalism&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Expert&lt;br /&gt;
| '''-ori'''&lt;br /&gt;
| ''' hiłgi''' → '''hiłgi'ori'''&lt;br /&gt;
| herb → herbalist&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=====Noun to adjective=====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Possessive&lt;br /&gt;
| '''-tíθ'''&lt;br /&gt;
| '''šmer''' → '''šmertíθ'''&lt;br /&gt;
| man → human&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Originative&lt;br /&gt;
| '''-at'''&lt;br /&gt;
| '''wángə́''' → '''wángə́'at'''&lt;br /&gt;
| sky → celestial&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Similaritive&lt;br /&gt;
| '''-trentí''' ''(← trenθ-tí)''&lt;br /&gt;
| '''šmərgḫa''' → '''šmərgḫatrenθí'''&lt;br /&gt;
| cat → felid&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Feature&lt;br /&gt;
| '''-tíθ'''&lt;br /&gt;
| '''lyáfa''' → '''lyáfatíθ'''&lt;br /&gt;
| hair → hairy&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Affiliative&lt;br /&gt;
| '''-em-tíθ'''&lt;br /&gt;
| '''šnígwə''' → '''šnígwemtíθ'''&lt;br /&gt;
| family → familiar&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Privative&lt;br /&gt;
| '''ma-...-tíθ'''&lt;br /&gt;
| '''gnitš''' → '''magnitštíθ'''&lt;br /&gt;
| tooth → toothless&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Verb====&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
=====Verb to noun=====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Agentive&lt;br /&gt;
| '''-ori'''&lt;br /&gt;
| '''šitš-''' → '''ššitšori'''&lt;br /&gt;
| (to) shoot → shooter&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Experiencer, adressee&lt;br /&gt;
| '''-ori-af'''&lt;br /&gt;
| '''fagw-''' → '''fagwori'af'''&lt;br /&gt;
| (to) teach → learner&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Result&lt;br /&gt;
| '''-vat'''&lt;br /&gt;
| '''ked-''' → '''kedvat'''&lt;br /&gt;
| (to) fall → (a) fall&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Instance&lt;br /&gt;
| '''-yóh'''&lt;br /&gt;
| '''kwáyl-''' → '''kwáylyóh'''&lt;br /&gt;
| (to) speak → speech &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Instrument&lt;br /&gt;
| '''-nin'''&lt;br /&gt;
| '''bvat-''' → '''bvatnin'''&lt;br /&gt;
| (to) beat → whip&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Place&lt;br /&gt;
| '''-tal-ah'''&lt;br /&gt;
| '''brík-''' → '''bríktalah'''&lt;br /&gt;
| (to) kill → slaughterhouse&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=====Verb to verb=====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Adjective====&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
=====Adjective to noun=====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Abstract&lt;br /&gt;
| '''-yóh'''&lt;br /&gt;
| '''džag''' → '''džagyóh'''&lt;br /&gt;
| strong → strength&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=====Adjective to adjective=====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Tendency&lt;br /&gt;
| '''-tin'''&lt;br /&gt;
| ''''išah''' → ''''išahtin'''&lt;br /&gt;
| good → bland&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Intensification&lt;br /&gt;
| '''-mag'''&lt;br /&gt;
| '''gwád''' → '''gwádmag'''&lt;br /&gt;
| big → very big&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Excess&lt;br /&gt;
| '''-vok'''&lt;br /&gt;
| '''tšíli''' → '''tšilivok'''&lt;br /&gt;
| small → too small&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Syntax==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Word order===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* '''SOV''' ''(Subject - Object - Verb)''&lt;br /&gt;
* head-initial&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Copular verbs===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; width: 258px;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! Translative&lt;br /&gt;
| '''pfeh'''&lt;br /&gt;
| became&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Essive&lt;br /&gt;
| ''''ar'''&lt;br /&gt;
| be&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See Also ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{ELWorld_LanguageNav}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Navbox| list1      = [[Image:Basemap.png|alt=Alt text|32px|Building an Earthlike World]][[Portal:Building an Earthlike World| '''Earthlike World''']] '''portal'''}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:ELWorld]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Manomow</name></author>
	</entry>
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