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{{Infobox language
|name = Proto-Qanday
|pronunciation =
|region = Seforma, Archipelago
|familycolor = Proto-Qanday

|map = ProtoQanday.png
|mapcaption =
{{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}}
}}
== Phonology ==

===Consonants===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|
! Bilabial
! Pharyng. bilabial
! Alveolar
! Pharyng. alveolar
! Postalveolar
! Paryng. postalveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Labial. velar
! Uvular
! Glottal
|-
! Nasal
| m
|
| n
| nˤ
|
|
|
| colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ
|
|-
! Prenasalized plosive
|
| ᵐbˤ
|
| ⁿdˤ
|
|
|
|
|
| ᶰɢ
|
|-
! Plosive
| p
| pˤ bˤ
| t
| tˤ dˤ
|
|
|
| k
|
| q ɢ
| ʔ
|-
! Affricate
|
|
| t͡s
| t͡sˤ d͡zˤ
| t͡ʃ
| t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Fricative
|
|
| s
| sˤ
| ʃ
| ʃˤ
|
| colspan=3 | x~χ
|
|-
! Lateral fricative
|
|
| colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Trill
|
|
| r
| rˤ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Approximant
|
|
|
|
|
|
| j
| ɰ
| w
|
|
|}

ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/

p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/

bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/

t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/

d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/

s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/

m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/

ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/

r rˤ /r r̕/

j ɰ w /j ḥ w/

===Vowels===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
| rowspan=2 |
! colspan=2 | Front
! colspan=2 | Central
! colspan=2 | Back
|-
! Short
! Long
! Short
! Long
! Short
! Long
|-
! Close
| i ĩ
| iː ĩː
| ɨ ɨ̃
| ɨː ɨ̃ː
| u ũ
| uː ũː
|-
|-
! Mid
| e̞
| eː
|
|
| ɤ̞ o̞
| ɤː oː
|-
! Open
|
|
|
| aː ãː
| ɒ ɒ̃
|
|}

i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/

e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/

ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/

iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/

eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/

äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/

=== Phonotactics ===

(C)CV(ː)(C)(C)

=== Accent ===

Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable.

=== Nouns ===

* Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient).
* Secundative ditransitive alignment.
* Definiteness by pronoun.
* Possessor by pronoun.

[Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner]

====Gender====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
! rowspan=3 | Animate
! rowspan=2 | Human
! Masculine
| -t / -ət
| '''ndart'''
| man
|-
! Feminine
| -jee
| '''ndarjee'''
| woman
|-
! colspan=2 | Non-Human
| -n / -ən
| '''wahiin'''
| wolf
|-
! rowspan=2 | Inaminate
! colspan=2 | Transportable
| -ś / -əś
| '''krãqś'''
| stone
|-
! colspan=2 | Untransportable
| -uu / -ːw
| '''ngoomuu'''
| mountain
|}

====Declension====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;"
! Absolutive
| -
| '''ndart'''
| rowspan=3 | man
|-
! Ergative
| -ke
| '''ndartke'''
|-
! Accusative
| -ta
| '''ndartta'''
|-
! Instrumental
| -rĩĩ
| '''ndartrĩĩ'''
| by man
|-
! Genetive
| -ãh
| '''ndartãh'''
| of man
|-
! Abessive
| -nũ
| '''ndartnũ'''
| without man
|}

====Number====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;"
! Singular
| -
| '''tpanən'''
| bird
|-
! Dual
| -suu
| '''tpanənsuu'''
| two birds
|-
! Plural
| -laa
| '''tpanənlaa'''
| birds
|}

====Nominal pre-determination of moods====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;"
! Realis
| -
| '''gambiiw'''
| tree
|-
! Irrealis
| -i / -j
| '''gambiiwi'''
| tree (in non-indicative clause)
|}

=== Verbs ===

* Causative with using an auxiliary verb.

[Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality]

====Tense-aspects====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
! Past completive
| -uq
| ''''eċuq'''
| to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved)
|-
! Past incompletive
| -oor
| ''''eċoor'''
| to go (action was incompleted)
|-
! Past habitual
| -ooḥ
| ''''eċooḥ'''
| to go (action was habitually repeated)
|-
! Future in past
| -ããt
| ''''eċããt'''
| to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken)
|-
! Present continuous
| -
| ''''eċ'''
| to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say)
|-
! Present habitual
| -iis̕
| ''''eċiis̕'''
| to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say)
|-
! Future convinced
| -eeh
| ''''eċeeh'''
| to go (action is inevitable in future)
|-
! Future dubious
| -eem
| ''''eċeem'''
| to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished)
|}

====Voice====

=====Ergative-absolutive (Unvolitional) system=====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;"
! Passive
| -l / -əl
| '''ŋaajl'''
| to be seen
|-
! Antipassive
| -ar̕ / -'ar̕
| '''ŋaajar̕'''
| to see
|}

=====Absolutive-accusative (Volitional) system=====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;"
! Active
| -
| '''ŋaaj'''
| to see
|-
! Passive
| -l / -əl
| '''ŋaajl'''
| to be seen
|-
! Medial
| -ũts / -'ũts
| '''ŋaajũts'''
| to see self
|}

====Moods====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;"
! Indicative
| -
| '''kloor̕'''
| to speak
|-
! Conditional
| -p̕ĩĩ
| '''kloor̕p̕ĩĩ'''
| would speak
|-
! Subjunctive
| -taa
| '''kloor̕taa'''
| may speak
|-
! Directive
| -id / -'id
| '''kloorid'''
| speak
|}

====Person====

=====Subjective=====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|
! colspan=3 | Singular
! colspan=3 |Dual
! colspan=3 |Plural
|-
! rowspan=2 | 1.
| rowspan=2 | ḥaa-
| rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaŋaaj'''
| rowspan=2 | I am seeing
| rowspan=2 | hat̕-
| rowspan=2 | ''''hat̕ŋaaj'''
| rowspan=2 | we both are seeing
| 'ãŋ
| ''''ãŋŋaaj'''
| we all are seeing, but not you
|-
| 'eh
| ''''ehŋaaj'''
| we all are seeing, together with you
|-
! rowspan=2 | 2.
| rowspan=2 | 'oos-
| rowspan=2 | ''''oosŋaaj'''
| rowspan=2 | Thou art seeing
| rowspan=2 | 'oos̕-
| rowspan=2 | ''''oos̕ŋaaj'''
| rowspan=2 | You both are seeing
| 'oor-
| ''''oorŋaaj'''
| You all are seeing, but not them
|-
| 'ooċ-
| ''''ooċŋaaj'''
| You all are seeing, together with them
|-
! 3.
| 'ĩp-
| ''''ĩpŋaaj'''
| He / she / it is seeing
| 'ĩp̕-
| ''''ĩp̕ŋaaj'''
| Both of them are seeing
| 'ĩĩb-
| ''''ĩĩbŋaaj'''
| They all are seeing
|-
! 4.
| win-
| '''winŋaaj'''
| Someone / something is seeing
|}

=====Objective=====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|
! colspan=3 | Singular
! colspan=3 |Dual
! colspan=3 |Plural
|-
! rowspan=2 | 1.
| rowspan=2 | -aa / -'aa
| rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaa'''
| rowspan=2 | see me
| rowspan=2 | -aat̕ / -'aat̕
| rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaat̕'''
| rowspan=2 | see both of us
| -ãŋ / -'ãŋ
| '''ŋaajãŋ'''
| see us all, but not you
|-
| -eh / -'eh
| '''ŋaajeh'''
| see us all, together with you
|-
! rowspan=2 | 2.
| rowspan=2 | -oos / -'oos
| rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos'''
| rowspan=2 | see thee
| rowspan=2 | -oos̕ / -'oos̕
| rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos̕'''
| rowspan=2 | see both of you
| -oor / -'oor
| '''ŋaajoor'''
| see you all, but not them
|-
| -ooċ / -'ooċ
| '''ŋaajooċ'''
| see you all, together with them
|-
! 3.
| -ĩp / -'ĩp
| '''ŋaajĩp'''
| see him / her / it
| -ĩp̕i / -'ĩp̕i
| '''ŋaajĩp̕i'''
| see both of them
| -ĩbe / -'ĩbe
| '''ŋaajĩbe'''
| see them all
|-
! 4.
| -win
| '''ŋaajwin'''
| see someone / something
|}

====Evidentiality====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
! Visual
| -
| '''qudz'''
| to sit (and it is visible)
|-
! Non-visual
| -kĩ
| '''qudzkĩ'''
| to sit (and it is not visible, but known from another sensoric source)
|-
! Reported
| -jã
| '''qudzjã'''
| to sit (and it is uncertain and unconfirmed information from other hand(s))
|-
! Assumed
| -qoo
| '''qudzqoo'''
| to sit (and it is result of deduction)
|}

====Non-finite verbs====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
! Action noun
| -ma-
| '''ŋaajmaś'''
| vision, seeing
|-
! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles
|-
! Adjectival
| -rah
| '''ŋaajrah'''
| seeing
|-
! Adverbial
| -ro
| '''ŋaajro'''
| seeing
|}

===Adjective===

====Degrees of comparison====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
! Positive
! Comparative
! Superlative
|-
| -
| wa'-
| mbar-
|-
| '''tsan'''
| '''wa'tsan'''
| '''mbartsan'''
|-
| good
| better
| best
|}

===Adverb===

====Degrees of comparison====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
! Positive
! Comparative
! Superlative
|-
| -
| wa'-
| mbar-
|-
| '''tsano'''
| '''wa'tsano'''
| '''mbartsano'''
|-
| well
| better
| best
|}

===Numerals===

====Cardinal numerals====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;"
! 1.
| ngaan
|-
! 2.
| 'oċaar
|-
! 3.
| lurkũ
|-
! 4.
| dwãsũ
|-
! 5.
| tigine
|}

====Derived numerals====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
| rowspan=2 |
! Ordinal
! Multiplicative
! Reproductive
! Distributive
|-
! ''ma-''
! ''śkee-''
! ''nari-''
! ''dũsu-''
|-
! 1.
| mangaan
| śkeengaan
| naringaan
| dũsungaan
|-
! 2.
| ma'oċaar
| śkee'oċaar
| nari'oċaar
| dũsu'oċaar
|-
! 3.
| malurkũ
| śkeelurkũ
| narilurkũ
| dũsulurkũ
|-
! 4.
| madwãsũ
| śkeedwãsũ
| naridwãsũ
| dũsudwãsũ
|-
! 5.
| matigine
| śkeetigine
| naritigine
| dũsutigine
|}

====Numeral adverbs====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;"
|-
| '''baan̕o'''
| many
|-
| '''ċiiko'''
| little
|-
| '''daal'''
| half
|-
| '''p̕eśkee'''
| how many times ?
|-
| '''səptyn'''
| so often
|}

=== Pronouns ===

* Gender suffixes on number stems.

====Personal pronouns====

=====Subjectives=====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|
! colspan=2 | Singular
! colspan=2 | Dual
! colspan=2 | Plural
|-
! rowspan=2 | 1.
| rowspan=2 | '''ḥaan'''
| rowspan=2 | I
| '''hat̕'''
| we both
| ''''ãŋ'''
| we all
|-
| ''''e''''
| we both and you
| ''''eh'''
| we all and you
|-
! rowspan=2 | 2.
| rowspan=2 | ''''oos'''
| rowspan=2 | Thou
| ''''oos̕'''
| You both
| ''''oor'''
| You all
|-
| ''''ook'''
| You both and he / she / it
| ''''ooċ'''
| You all and he / she / it
|-
! 3.
| ''''ĩp'''
| He / she / it
| ''''ĩp̕'''
| Both of them
| ''''ĩĩb'''
| They all
|-
! 4.
| '''win'''
| Someone / something
|}

=====Objectives=====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|
! colspan=2 | Singular
! colspan=2 | Dual
! colspan=2 | Plural
|-
! rowspan=2 | 1.
| rowspan=2 | '''hnaa'''
| rowspan=2 | I
| '''ht̕a'''
| we both
| ''''ãŋaa'''
| we all
|-
| ''''e'aa'''
| we both and you
| '''hee'''
| we all and you
|-
! rowspan=2 | 2.
| rowspan=2 | ''''osaa'''
| rowspan=2 | Thou
| ''''os̕aa'''
| You both
| ''''oraa'''
| You all
|-
| ''''okaa'''
| You both and he / she / it
| ''''oċaa'''
| You all and he / she / it
|-
! 3.
| ''''ĩpa'''
| He / she / it
| ''''ĩp̕a'''
| Both of them
| ''''ĩbaa'''
| They all
|-
! 4.
| '''winaa'''
| Someone / something
|}

====Possessive pronouns====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|
! colspan=2 | Singular
! colspan=2 | Dual
! colspan=2 | Plural
|-
! rowspan=2 | 1.
| rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaniś'''
| rowspan=2 | my
| '''hat̕iś'''
| of both us
| ''''ãŋiś'''
| of us all
|-
| ''''e'iś'''
| of both us and your
| ''''ehiś'''
| of us all and your
|-
! rowspan=2 | 2.
| rowspan=2 | ''''oosiś'''
| rowspan=2 | thy
| ''''oos̕iś'''
| of you both
| ''''ooriś'''
| of you all
|-
| ''''ookiś'''
| of you both and him / her / its
| ''''ooċiś'''
| of you all and him / her / its
|-
! 3.
| ''''ĩpiś'''
| Him / her / its
| ''''ĩp̕iś'''
| of both them
| ''''ĩĩbiś'''
| of they all
|-
! 4.
| '''winiś'''
| Someone / something else's
|}

====Demonstrative pronouns====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|-
|
! colspan=2 | Proper
! colspan=2 | Distant
! colspan=2 | Indefinite
|-
! Person / Object
| '''səə'''
| this
| '''kəə'''
| that
| '''ŋəə'''
| someone / something there
|-
! Place
| '''sətloq'''
| here
| '''kətloq'''
| there
| '''ŋətloq'''
| somewhere there
|-
! Source
| ''''awsətloq'''
| from here
| ''''awkətloq'''
| from there
| ''''awŋətloq'''
| from somewhere there
|-
! Purpose direction
| '''se'sətloq'''
| to here
| '''se'kətloq'''
| to there, so far
| '''se'ŋətloq'''
| to somewhere there
|-
! Path
| '''səkwal'''
| this way
| '''kəkwal'''
| that way
| '''ŋəkwal'''
| some way
|-
! Time
| '''səboon'''
| now
| '''kəboon'''
| then
|-
|-
! Method
| '''səraak'''
| in this way
| '''kəraak'''
| in that way
| '''ŋəraak'''
| in some way
|-
! Quantity
| '''səbaan̕'''
| so much
|-
! Qualify
| '''sətloqsə'''
| like this here
| '''kətloqkə'''
| like that
| '''ŋətloqŋə'''
| like something there
|-
! Reason
| '''səmaag'''
| for this reason
| '''kəmaag'''
| for that reason
| '''ŋəmaag'''
| for some reason
|}

====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|-
|
! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative
! colspan=2 | Indefinite
! colspan=2 | Unlimited
|-
! Person / Object
| '''p̕el'''
| who ? which ?
| '''p̕elŋ'''
| someone
| '''p̕elŋaan'''
| anyone
|-
! Place
| '''p̕etloq'''
| where ?
| '''p̕eltloqŋ'''
| somewhere
| '''p̕eltloqŋaan'''
| anywhere
|-
! Source
| ''''awp̕etloq'''
| whence ?
| ''''awp̕etloqŋ'''
| from somewhere
| ''''awp̕etloqŋaan'''
| from anywhere
|-
! Purpose direction
| '''se'p̕etloq'''
| whither ?
| '''se'p̕etloqŋ'''
| to somewhere
| '''se'p̕etloqŋaan'''
| to anywhere
|-
! Path
| '''p̕ekwal'''
| which way ?
| '''p̕ekwalŋ'''
| via some way
| '''p̕ekwalŋaan'''
| via any way
|-
! Time
| '''p̕eboon'''
| when ?
| '''p̕ekwalŋ'''
| once
| '''p̕ekwalŋaan'''
| ever
|-
! Method
| '''p̕eraak'''
| how ?
| '''p̕eraakŋ'''
| somehow
| '''p̕eraakŋaan'''
| anyhow
|-
! Quantity
| '''p̕ebaan''''
| how much ?
| '''p̕ebaan'ŋ'''
| somehow much
| '''p̕ebaan'ŋaan'''
| anyhow much
|-
! Quality
| '''p̕ees'''
| which one ?
| '''ngaanes'''
| some
| '''p'eesŋaan'''
| any
|-
! Reason
| '''se'maag'''
| why ?
|-
|}

====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|-
|
! colspan=2 | Negative
! colspan=2 | Universal
! colspan=2 | Alternative
|-
! Person / Object
| '''baap̕e'''
| nobody, nothing
| '''rtãã'''
| every
| '''p̕eqtot'''
| anyone else
|-
! Place
| '''baatloq'''
| nowhere
| '''rtããtloq'''
| everywhere
| '''tloqtot''' ''(← tloq-qtot)''
| elswhere
|-
! Source
| ''''awbaatloq'''
| from nowhere
| ''''awrtããtloq'''
| from everywhere
| ''''awtloqtot'''
| from elswhere
|-
! Purpose direction
| '''se'baatloq'''
| to nowhere
| '''se'rtããtloq'''
| to everywhere
| '''se'tloqtot'''
| to elswhere
|-
! Path
| '''baakwal'''
| through no way
| '''rtããkwal'''
| through all ways
| '''kwaalqtot'''
| which way else
|-
! Time
| '''baaboon'''
| never
| '''rtããboon'''
| always
| '''booŋqtot'''
| when else
|-
! Method
| '''baaraak'''
| nohow
| '''rtããraak'''
| in all methods
| '''raaqtot''' ''(← raak-qtot)''
| otherwise
|-
! Quantity
| '''baabaan''''
| nothing
| '''baaŋqtot'''
| otherwise than so many
|-
! Quality
| '''baats'''
| neuter, indistinct
| '''tsəraak'''
| any
| '''tsəət'''
| other
|}

====Numeral pronouns====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;"
|-
! Interrogative / Relative
| '''p̕ebaan''''
| how much ?
|-
! Indefinite
| '''p̕ebaan'ŋ'''
| write a number
|-
! Unlimited
| '''p̕ebaan'ŋaan'''
| however many
|-
! Negative
| '''baabaan''''
| nothing
|-
! Alternative
| '''baaŋqtot'''
| otherwise than so many
|}

====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;"
|-
! Reflexive / Reciprocal
| '''śih'''
| oneself / each other
|-
! Cooperative
| '''śihċi''' (← ''śih + ċi'')
| together cooperatively
|}

===Prepositions===

====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;"
|-
! ḥo
| in, inside
! Absolutive
|-
! 'awḥo
| from inside
! Accusative
|-
! se'ḥo
| to inside
! Genetive
|-
| colspan=3 |
|-
! s̕a
| on
! Absolutive
|-
! 'aws̕a
| from on
! Accusative
|-
! se's̕a
| onto
! Genetive
|-
| colspan=3 |
|-
! s̕a'o
| above
! Absolutive
|-
! 'aws̕a'o
| from above
! Accusative
|-
! se's̕a'o
| to above
! Genetive
|-
| colspan=3 |
|-
! tsa'o
| under
! Absolutive
|-
! 'awtsa'o
| from under
! Accusative
|-
! se'tsa'o
| to under
! Genetive
|-
| colspan=3 |
|-
! knen
| beside
! Absolutive
|-
! 'awknen
| from beside
! Accusative
|-
! se'knen
| to beside
! Genetive
|-
| colspan=3 |
|-
! gaaw
| away
! Absolutive
|-
! 'awgaan
| from away
! Accusative
|-
! se'gaan
| to away
! Genetive
|-
| colspan=3 |
|-
! lago
| between
! Absolutive
|-
! 'awlago
| from between
! Accusative
|-
! se'lago
| to between
! Genetive
|-
| colspan=3 |
|-
! daam
| behind
! Absolutive
|-
! 'awdaam
| from behind
! Accusative
|-
! se'daam
| to behind
! Genetive
|-
| colspan=3 |
|-
! de
| out
! Absolutive
|-
! 'awde
| from out
! Accusative
|-
! se'de
| to out
! Genetive
|-
| colspan=3 |
|-
! ḥoċatar
| around
! Absolutive
|-
! 'awċatar
| from around
! Accusative
|-
! se'ċatar
| to around
! Genetive
|-
| colspan=3 |
|-
! gook
| before, opposite to
! Absolutive
|-
! 'awgook
| from before, from opposite to
! Accusative
|-
! se'gook
| to before, to opposite to
! Genetive
|-
| colspan=3 |
|-
! boon
| during, in time of
! Absolutive
|-
! 'awboon
| from time of
! Accusative
|-
! se'boon
| to time of
! Genetive
|-
| colspan=3 |
|-
! ktsa
| after
! Absolutive
|-
! 'awktsa
| from after
! Accusative
|-
! se'ktsa
| to after
! Genetive
|}

====Other prepositions====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;"
|-
! Companion, attributive object
| '''ḥal'''
| with
! Instrumental
|-
! Originative direction
| ''''aw'''
| from
! Accusative
|-
! Destinative direction, purpose, goal
| '''se''''
| to
! Genetive
|-
! Lack
| '''bar̕'''
| without
! Genetive
|-
! Alternative
| '''ḥotloq'''
| instead
! Genetive
|-
! Contrary
| '''preeḥ'''
| against
! Genetive
|-
! Resistance
| '''ḥada'''
| despite, though
! Genetive
|-
! Stylization
| '''s̕adãlo'''
| along to, according to
! Instrumental
|-
! Benefactive
| '''tsu'''
| for, destined to
! Genetive
|-
! Essive
| '''ḥoskaat'''
| as, at character of
! Absolutive
|-
! Excessive
| ''''awskaat'''
| from character of
! Accusative
|}

===Particles===

====Conjunctions====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;"
! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions
|-
! Copulative
| '''ċi'''
| and
|-
! Conjunctive
| '''ċikaa'''
| also
|-
! Disjunctive
| '''weel'''
| or
|-
! Contrastive, exceptional
| '''oot'''
| but
|-
! Consequentive
| '''kaa'''
| so
|-
! Comparative
| '''t̕ĩ'''
| than
|-
| colspan=3 |
|-
! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions
|-
| colspan=2 | '''nak'''
| to, for
|-
| colspan=2 | '''toho'''
| althought
|-
| colspan=2 | '''se'nak'''
| because
|-
| colspan=2 | '''taś'''
| if
|-
| colspan=2 | '''ky'''
| that, providing
|}

====Modifiers====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
|-
! Restrictive
| '''ngaano'''
| only
|-
! Additive
| '''ċita''''
| yet
|}

====Polarity particles====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
! Affirmative
| '''ja''''
| yes
|-
! Negative
| '''baa'''
| no
|}

==Word formation==

===Compounding===

===Derivation===

====Noun====

===== Noun to noun=====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|-
! Diminutive
| '''-ċi-'''
| '''t̕wãkjee''' → '''t̕wãkċijee'''
| daughter → little daughter
|-
! Augmentative
| '''-doom-'''
| '''ngoomuu''' → '''ngoomdoomuu'''
| mountain → grand mountain
|-
! Contradiction
| '''baa-'''
| '''ndart''' → '''baandart'''
| human → non-human
|-
! Similarity
| '''-ḥool-'''
| '''gambiiw''' → '''gambiḥooluu'''
| tree → pseudo-tree
|-
! Half
| '''daal-'''
| '''kalabn''' → '''daalkalabn'''
| dog → half-dog
|-
! Relational abstract
| '''-jootuu'''
| '''ḥoort̕''' → '''ḥoort̕jootuu'''
| brother → brotherhood
|-
! Related person
| '''-teh-'''
| '''buuln''' → '''buulteht'''
| cattle → cowman
|-
! Collective
| '''-dja-'''
| '''tpanən''' → '''tpandjan'''
| bird → birds (as a collective)
|-
! Place
| '''-tlo-'''
| '''pyyr̕ś''' → '''pyyr̕tloś'''
| fire → campfire
|-
! Art / Craft
| '''-teh-dja-ś'''
| '''quudyś''' → '''quudytehdjaś'''
| war → craft of war
|-
! Knowledge
| '''-dja-tuuś''' ''(← -dja-jootuu-ś)''
| '''sylqydjateht''' → '''sylqydjatuuś'''
| herbalist → herbalism
|-
! Expert
| '''-dja-teh-'''
| '''sylqyn''' → '''sylqydjateht'''
| herb → herbalist
|}

=====Noun to adjective=====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|-
! Possessive
| '''-iq-'''
| '''ndart''' → '''ndartiqt'''
| man → human
|-
! Originative
| '''-aw-'''
| '''wããḥaw''' → '''wããḥawawt'''
| sky → celestial
|-
! Similaritive
| '''-netse-'''
| '''karḥan''' → '''karḥanetset'''
| cat → felid
|-
! Feature
| '''-dũ-'''
| '''śeneś''' → '''śenedũt'''
| hair → hairy
|-
! Affiliative
| '''-iqaw-'''
| '''krãljee''' → '''krãliqawt'''
| family → familiar
|-
! Privative
| '''baa-...-iq-'''
| '''tũũtuu''' → '''baatũũtiqt'''
| tooth → toothless
|}

====Verb====

=====Verb to noun=====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|-
! Agentive
| '''-teh-'''
| '''kte-''' → '''kteteht'''
| (to) shoot → shooter
|-
! Experiencer, adressee, object
| '''-ne-'''
| '''luub-''' → '''luubnet'''
| (to) teach → learner
|-
! Result
| '''-weh-'''
| '''bag-''' → '''bagwehuu'''
| (to) fall → (a) fall
|-
! Instance, abstract
| '''-juu'''
| '''kloor̕-''' → '''kloor̕juu'''
| (to) speak → speech
|-
! Instrument
| '''-nĩs-'''
| '''qaap-''' → '''qaapnĩs'''
| (to) beat → whip
|-
! Place
| '''-tloquu'''
| '''breeq-''' → '''breeqtloquu'''
| (to) kill → slaughterhouse
|}

=====Verb to verb=====

====Adjective====

=====Adjective to noun=====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|-
! Abstract
| '''-juu'''
| '''ga'ool''' → '''ga'ooljuu'''
| strong → strength
|}

=====Adjective to adjective=====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|-
! Tendency
| '''-tĩk-'''
| '''tsan''' → '''tsantĩkt'''
| good → bland
|-
! Intensification
| '''-taar-'''
| '''dwaad-''' → '''dwaadtaart'''
| big → very big
|-
! Excess
| '''-tow-'''
| '''ċiik-''' → '''ċiiktowt'''
| small → too small
|}

== Syntax ==

===Word order===

* VSO
* head-final

===Copular verbs===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;"
! Translative
| '''ksũs'''
| became
|-
! Essive
| '''soḥ'''
| be
|}

===Causativity===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
! rowspan=4 colspan=1 | rãd
|-
| rowspan=3 colspan=1 | to cause
| '''ḥaaŋaaj → ḥaarãd ŋaajmaś'''
| I am seeing → I am showing
|-
| '''ḥaa'eċ → ḥaarãd 'eċmaś'''
| I am going → I am leading
|-
| '''ḥaamũt → ḥaarãd mũtmaś'''
| I am carrying → I am elevating
|}

== See Also ==
{{ELWorld_LanguageNav}}
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[[Category:ELWorld]]

Proto-Qanday language - Revision history

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