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2016-12-30T09:04:04Z

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{{Infobox language
|name = Proto-Thánan
|pronunciation =
|region = Omoserica
|familycolor = Proto-Thánan

|map = ProtoThánan.png
|mapcaption =
{{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Thánan}}
}}

== Phonology ==

===Consonants===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 15cm;"
|
! Bilabial
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! Nasal
| m
| n
| ɲ
| ŋ
|
|-
! Plosive
| p
| t
| c
| k
| ʔ
|-
! Fricative
| f v
| θ̠ ð̠
| ç ʝ
| x ɣ
| h
|-
! Trill
|
| r
|
|
|
|-
! Lateral approximant
|
| l
| ʎ
|
|
|}

====Spelling====

p t c k ʔ /p t c k '/

f θ̠ ç x h /f θ ç ḫ h/

v ð̠ ʝ ɣ /v ð j x/

m n ɲ ŋ /m ń ŋ/

l ʎ r /l ḷ r/

===Vowels===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
| rowspan=2 |
! rowspan=2 | Front
! colspan=2 | Central
! colspan=2 | Back
|-
! Unrounded
! Rounded
! Unrounded
! Rounded
|-
! Close
| iː
|
|
|
| uː
|-
! Mid-Close
|
| ɘ
| ɵ
|
|
|-
! Mid-Open
| ɛː
|
| ɞ
|
|
|-
! Open
|
|
|
| ɑ
| ɒː
|}

====Spelling====

'''Long vowels'''

iː uː /í ú/

ɛː /é/

ɒː /á/

'''Long vowels'''

ɘ ɵ /i u/

ɞ /e/

ɑ /a/

===Phonotactics===

'''(C)(R)V(ː)(R)(C)'''

'''C =''' any consonant<br>
'''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br>
'''V =''' any vowel<br>
'''Vː =''' any long vowel

===Accent===

Morphologically unchanged, on first syllable of main root.

== Grammar ==

===Nouns===

* ergative-genetive alignment
* secundative ditransitive alignment
* four cases (suffixal): Ergative, Genetive, Instrumental, Prepositional
* no gender
* definite article, indefinite article based on number one.
* number (preffixal): singular, plural

[Article] + [Number + Root + Root extension + Case]

====Declension====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
! Ergative
| -
| '''hulmá'''
| wolf
| agent, lexical form
|-
! Genetive
| -θe
| '''hulmáθe'''
| wolf, of wolf
| intransitive subject, patient, ditransitive recipient, possessor
|-
! Instrumental
| -lal
| '''hulmálal'''
| by wolf, with wolf
| instrument, accompaniament, ditransitive theme
|-
! Relational
| -ni
| '''hulmáni'''
| (in/at/to/...) wolf
| used with various relational nouns
|}

====Number====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
! Singular
| -
| '''keme'''
| man
|-
! Plural
| ti- / c-
| '''tikeme'''
| men
|}

====Definiteness====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
! Definite
| ða
| '''ða çrél'''
| the flower
|-
! Indefinite
| ha
| '''ha çrél'''
| a flower
|}

====Relational nouns====

Relational noun + [Noun + Relative case ending]

'''Xáç 'ar θíp ða katapni ða juke.'''

''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."''

=====Spatials=====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;"
|-
! 'aḫu
| inside
| in
|-
! θíp
| top
| on
|-
! kavða
| head
| above
|-
! tám
| bottom
| under
|-
! pék
| side
| beside
|-
! xál
| distance
| away
|-
! ciŋke
| centre
| between
|-
! kelp
| back
| behind, after
|-
! náḫ
| outside
| out
|-
! vekele
| wheel
| around
|-
! 'aftu
| front
| before, opposite to
|-
! númu
| time
| during, in time of
|}

=====Other relationals=====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 450px;"
|-
! Companion, attributive object
| '''jeh'''
| with
|-
! Originative direction
| ''''ari'''
| from
|-
! Destinative direction, purpose, goal
| '''haθu'''
| to
|-
! Lack
| '''vajeh'''
| without
|-
! Alternative
| '''kelke'''
| instead
|-
! Contrary
| '''tavá'''
| against
|-
! Resistance
| '''haθri'''
| despite, though
|-
! Stylization
| '''xajva'''
| along to, according to
|-
! Benefactive
| '''ńín'''
| for, destined to
|-
! Essive
| ''''íçu'''
| as, at character of
|}

===Verbs===

* transitivity marked
* two aspects: progressive, stative
* two moods: realis, irrealis
* causative infixed into root

[Aspect + (Root + Causative) + Root extension + Transitivity + Mood] + [Object] + [Subject]

====Aspect====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;"
! Incompletive
| -
| ''''uc'''
| to go (incomplete action)
|-
! Completive
| reduplication of root's onset
| ''''u'uc'''
| to go (completed action)
|}

====Causativity====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
! Non-causative
| -
| '''kén'''
| to see
|-
! Causative
| -ra-
| '''kéran'''
| to show
|}

====Transitivity====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 425px;"
! Intransitive
| -
| ''''ic'''
| to eat (in intransitive clause)
|-
! Transitive
| -eh
| ''''iceh'''
| to eat (in transitive clause)
|}

====Moods====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;"
! Realis
| -
| '''kláθ'''
| to speak
|-
! Irrealis
| -tú
| '''kláθtú'''
| would speak (and other non-declarative meanings)
|}

====Non-finite verbal forms====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;"
! Action noun
| -lí
| '''jíplí'''
| living
|-
! Infinitive
| -at -'at
| '''jípat'''
| to live
|-
! Participle
| -ní
| '''jipní'''
| living
|}

===Adjective / Adverb===

====Degrees of comparison====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
! Positive
! Comparative
! Superlative
|-
| -
| -já
| -θar
|-
| '''fíl'''
| '''fíḷá''' ''(← fíl-já)''
| '''fílθar'''
|-
| good
| better
| best
|}

===Numerals===

====Cardinal numerals====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;"
! 1.
| harakap
|-
! 2.
| kucara
|-
! 3.
| varakma
|-
! 4.
| varakma-kucara
|-
! 5.
| varakma-kucara-harakap
|}

====Derived numerals====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
| rowspan=2 |
! Ordinal
! Multiplicative
! Reproductive
! Distributive
|-
! ''ju''
! ''kín''
! ''ta'éh''
! ''pep''
|-
! 1.
| harakap ju
| harakap kín
| harakap ta'éh
| harakap pep
|-
! 2.
| kucara ju
| kucara kín
| kucara ta'éh
| kucara pep
|-
! 3.
| varakma ju
| varakma kín
| varakma ta'éh
| varakma pep
|-
! 4.
| varakma-kucara ju
| varakma-kucara kín
| varakma-kucara ta'éh
| varakma-kucara pep
|-
! 5.
| varakma-kucara-harakap ju
| varakma-kucara-harakap kín
| varakma-kucara-harakap ta'éh
| varakma-kucara-harakap pep
|}

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

======Subjective======

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|
! colspan=3 | Singular
! colspan=3 |Plural
|-
! rowspan=2 | 1.
| rowspan=2 | '''jíθ'''
| rowspan=2 | I
| '''lé'''
| we all, but not you
|-
| '''nám'''
| we all, together with you
|-
! 2.
| '''çí'''
| Thou
| '''θem'''
| You all
|-
! 3.
| ''''ar'''
| He / she / it
| '''cam'''
| They all
|}

======Objective======

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|
! colspan=3 | Singular
! colspan=3 |Plural
|-
! rowspan=2 | 1.
| rowspan=2 | '''ni'''
| rowspan=2 | me
| '''li'''
| us all, but not you
|-
| '''nemi'''
| us all, together with you
|-
! 2.
| '''çíri'''
| Thee
| '''θemri'''
| You all
|-
! 3.
| ''''arri'''
| Him / her / its
| '''camri'''
| Them all
|}

====Possessive pronouns====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|
! colspan=3 | Singular
! colspan=3 |Plural
|-
! rowspan=2 | 1.
| rowspan=2 | '''nijah'''
| rowspan=2 | my
| '''léjah'''
| of us all, but not you
|-
| '''námjah'''
| of us all, together with you
|-
! 2.
| '''çíjah'''
| thy
| '''θemjah'''
| of you all
|-
! 3.
| ''''arjah'''
| his / her / its
| '''camjah'''
| of they all
|}

====Demonstrative pronouns====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|-
|
! colspan=2 | Definite
! colspan=2 | Indefinite
|-
! Person / Object
| '''ða'''
| this
| '''ha'''
| someone / something
|-
! Place
| '''ðanah'''
| here
| '''hanah'''
| somewhere
|-
! Path
| '''ðatrem'''
| this way
| '''hatrem'''
| some way
|-
! Time
| '''ðanúm'''
| now
| '''hanúm'''
| then
|-
|-
! Method
| '''ðanréθ'''
| in this way
| '''hanréθ'''
| in some way
|-
! Quantity
| '''ðaxáli'''
| so much
|-
! Quality
| '''ðaḫa'ov'''
| like this
| '''haḫa'ov'''
| like something
|-
! Reason
| '''ðapanθi'''
| for this reason
| '''hapanθi'''
| for some reason
|}

====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|-
|
! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative
! colspan=2 | Indefinite
! colspan=2 | Unlimited
|-
! Person / Object
| '''xat'''
| who ? which ?
| '''xavi'''
| someone
| '''xaθuŋlu'''
| anyone
|-
! Place
| '''xanah'''
| where ?
| '''xanahvi'''
| somewhere
| '''xanahθuŋlu'''
| anywhere
|-
! Path
| '''xatrem'''
| which way ?
| '''xatremvi'''
| via some way
| '''xatremθuŋlu'''
| via any way
|-
! Time
| '''xanúm'''
| when ?
| '''xanúmvi'''
| once
| '''xanúmθuŋlu'''
| ever
|-
! Method
| '''xanréθ'''
| how ?
| '''xanréθvi'''
| somehow
| '''xanréθθuŋlu'''
| anyhow
|-
! Quantity
| '''xaxáli'''
| how much ?
| '''xaxálivi'''
| somehow much
| '''xaxáliθuŋlu'''
| anyhow much
|-
! Quality
| '''xaḫa'ov'''
| which one ?
| '''xaḫa'ovvi'''
| some
| '''xaḫa'ovθuŋlu'''
| any
|-
! Reason
| '''xapanθi'''
| why ?
|-
|}

====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|-
|
! colspan=2 | Negative
! colspan=2 | Universal
! colspan=2 | Alternative
|-
! Person / Object
| '''vexa'''
| nobody, nothing
| '''járxa'''
| every
| '''rúxaθuŋ'''
| anyone else
|-
! Place
| '''vexanah'''
| nowhere
| '''járnah'''
| everywhere
| '''rúnahθuŋ'''
| elswhere
|-
! Path
| '''vexatrem'''
| through no way
| '''jártrem'''
| through all ways
| '''rútremθuŋ'''
| which way else
|-
! Time
| '''vexanúm'''
| never
| '''járnúm'''
| always
| '''rúnúmθuŋ'''
| when else
|-
! Method
| '''venréθ'''
| nohow
| '''járnréθ'''
| in all methods
| '''rúnréθθuŋ'''
| otherwise
|-
! Quantity
| '''vexáli'''
| nothing
| '''rúxáliθuŋ'''
| otherwise than so many
|-
! Quality
| '''veḫa'ov'''
| neuter, indistinct
| '''járvi'''
| any
| '''rúθuŋ'''
| other
|}

====Numeral pronouns====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;"
|-
! Interrogative / Relative
| '''xaxáli'''
| how much ?
|-
! Indefinite
| '''xaxálivi'''
| write a number
|-
! Unlimited
| '''xaxáliθuŋlu'''
| however many
|-
! Negative
| '''vexáli'''
| nothing
|-
! Alternative
| '''rúxáliθuŋ'''
| otherwise than so many
|}

====Reflexive-reciprocal pronoun====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;"
|-
! Reflexive / Reciprocal
| '''liŋ'''
| oneself / each other
|}

===Particles===

====Conjunctions====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;"
! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions
|-
! Copulative
| '''hí'''
| and
|-
! Conjunctive
| '''híni'''
| also
|-
! Disjunctive
| '''te'''
| or
|-
! Contrastive, exceptional
| '''té''''
| but
|-
! Consequentive
| '''ḫúm'''
| so
|-
! Comparative
| '''jaf'''
| than
|-
| colspan=3 |
|-
! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions
|-
| colspan=2 | '''fáða'''
| to, for
|-
| colspan=2 | '''helða'''
| althought
|-
| colspan=2 | ''''elkip'''
| because
|-
| colspan=2 | '''fá'''
| if
|-
| colspan=2 | '''θíŋ'''
| that, providing
|}

====Modifiers====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
|-
! Restrictive
| '''lete'''
| only
|-
! Additive
| '''hute'''
| yet
|}

====Polarity particles====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
! Affirmative
| '''na'''
| yes
|-
! Negative
| '''ve'''
| no
|}

==Word formation==

===Compounding===

===Derivation===

====Noun====

=====Noun to noun=====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|-
! Diminutive
| '''-ńí'''
| '''tlíńci''' → '''tlińcińi'''
| daughter → little daughter
|-
! Augmentative
| '''-uxa / -xa'''
| '''vaðú''' → '''vaðúxa'''
| mountain → grand mountain
|-
! Contradiction
| '''ve-'''
| '''keme''' → '''vekeme'''
| human → non-human
|-
! Similarity
| '''-ḫa'ov'''
| '''pampú''' → '''pampúḫa'ov'''
| tree → pseudo-tree
|-
! Half
| '''-θele'''
| '''juke''' → '''jukeθele'''
| dog → half-dog
|-
! Relational abstract
| '''-mén'''
| '''karaḷ''' → '''karaḷmén'''
| brother → brotherhood
|-
! Related person
| '''-ní'''
| '''vúva''' → '''vúvaní'''
| cow → cowman
|-
! Collective
| '''-ḫar'''
| '''feteθ''' → '''feteθḫar'''
| bird → birds (a a collective)
|-
! Place
| '''-nah'''
| '''kek''' → '''keknah'''
| fire → campfire
|-
! Art / Craft
| '''-tu'ok'''
| '''ḫaraŋ''' → '''ḫaraŋtu'ok'''
| war → craft of war
|-
! Knowledge
| '''-ðáv-ḫar'''
| '''kuθlí''' → '''kuθlíðávḫar'''
| herb → herbalism
|-
! Expert
| '''-ðáv-ní'''
| '''kuθlí''' → '''kuθlíðávní'''
| herb → herbalist
|}

=====Noun to adjective=====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|-
! Possessive
| '''-ma'''
| '''keme''' → '''kemema'''
| man → human
|-
! Originative
| '''-'ari'''
| '''návu''' → '''návu'ari'''
| sky → celestial
|-
! Similaritive
| '''-ḫa'ov-ma'''
| '''juke''' → '''jukeḫa'ovma'''
| dog → canid
|-
! Feature
| '''-jár-ma'''
| '''fjéθ''' → '''fjéθjárma'''
| hair → hairy
|-
! Affiliative
| '''-jeh-ma'''
| '''tímpa''' → '''tímpajehma'''
| family → familiar
|-
! Privative
| '''ve-...-ma'''
| '''funt''' → '''vefuntma'''
| tooth → toothless
|}

====Verb====

=====Verb to noun=====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|-
! Agentive
| '''-ní'''
| '''fút-''' → '''fútní'''
| (to) shoot → shooter
|-
! Experiencer, adressee, object
| '''-liŋ-ní'''
| '''θríl-''' → '''θrílliŋní'''
| (to) teach → learner
|-
! Result
| '''-fe'''
| '''kap-''' → '''kapfe'''
| (to) fall → (a) fall
|-
! Instance
| '''-naç'''
| '''kláθ-''' → '''kláθnaç'''
| (to) speak → speech
|-
! Instrument
| '''-tul'''
| '''ḫap-''' → '''ḫaptul'''
| (to) beat → whip
|-
! Place
| '''-nah'''
| '''xem-''' → '''xemnah'''
| (to) kill → slaughterhouse
|}

=====Verb to verb=====

====Adjective====

=====Adjective to noun=====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|-
! Abstract
| '''-mén'''
| '''xárt''' → '''xártmén'''
| strong → strength
|}

=====Adjective to adjective=====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
! Intensification
| '''-xál'''
| '''dáŋ''' → '''dáŋxál'''
| big → very big
|-
! Excess
| '''-líń'''
| '''míŋk''' → '''míŋklíń'''
| small → too small
|}

==Syntax==

===Word order===

* VOS
* head-initial

===Copular particles===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;"
! Translative
| '''fé'''
| became
|-
! Essive
| ''''aç''''
| be
|}

== See Also ==

{{ELWorld_LanguageNav}}
{{Navbox| list1 = [[Image:Basemap.png|alt=Alt text|32px|Building an Earthlike World]][[Portal:Building an Earthlike World| '''Earthlike World''']] '''portal'''}}
[[Category:ELWorld]]

Proto-Thánan language - Revision history

Manomow: Created page with "{{Infobox language |name = Proto-Thánan |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Thánan |map = ProtoThánan.png |mapcaption = {{legen..."