| Proto-Araqish |
|---|
| Pronunciation |
/ɑɾɑqiʂ/ |
|---|
| Region |
Originalia |
|---|
Language family |
|
|---|
 |
Phonology
Vowels
|
|
Front
|
Back
|
| High
|
i iː
|
u uː
|
| Mid-High
|
e eː
|
o oː
|
| Mid-Low
|
ɛ ɛː
|
ɔ ɔː
|
| Low
|
a aː
|
ɑ ɑː
|
Consonants
|
|
Bilabial
|
Labiodental
|
Dental
|
|
|
Retroflex
|
|
Palatal
|
|
Velar
|
|
Uvular
|
|
|
Glottal
|
| Plosive
|
p pʰ bʰ
|
|
t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ
|
|
|
ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ
|
|
|
|
k kʰ gʰ
|
|
q qʰ ɢʰ
|
|
|
|
| Fricative
|
|
|
s̪
|
|
|
ʂ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
h
|
| Nasal
|
m
|
|
n̪
|
|
|
(ɳ)
|
|
|
|
ŋ
|
|
(ɴ)
|
|
|
|
| Tap or flap
|
|
|
ɾ̪
|
|
|
(ɽ)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Approximant
|
|
ʋ
|
(l̪)
|
|
|
(ɭ)
|
|
j
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Araqistic notation
Vowels
|
|
Front
|
Back
|
| High
|
i í
|
u ú
|
| Mid-High
|
e é
|
o ó
|
| Mid-Low
|
è ê
|
ò ô
|
| Low
|
æ ǽ
|
a á
|
Consonants
|
|
Bilabial
|
Labiodental
|
Dental
|
|
|
Retroflex
|
|
Palatal
|
|
Velar
|
|
Uvular
|
|
|
Glottal
|
| Plosive
|
p ph b
|
|
t th d
|
|
|
ṭ ṭh ḍ
|
|
|
|
k kh g
|
|
q qh ġ
|
|
|
|
| Fricative
|
|
|
s
|
|
|
ṣ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
x(1)
|
| Nasal
|
m
|
|
n
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ṇ
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Tap or flap
|
|
|
r(2)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Approximant
|
|
v
|
|
|
|
|
|
y
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(1) Also <h> is permitted.
(2) Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda.
Phonotactics
(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)
C = any consonant
G = glide or approximant
V = any short vowel
Vː = any long vowel
R = any resonantal consonant
Geminates in the same syllable are disallowed.
Accent
First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable.
Grammar
Noun
Morphemic order: [Definiteness + Root + Derivative extension(s) + Collectivity + Case]
Definiteness
| Indefinite
|
-
|
règ
|
(a) wolf
|
| Definite
|
Proper
|
se-
|
se-règ
|
the wolf
|
| Visual distant
|
ṭa-
|
ṭa-règ
|
that wolf
|
| Non-visual distant
|
va-
|
va-règ
|
yonder wolf
|
These prefixes also can exist independently in similar role to demonstrative pronouns.
Collectivity
| Collective
|
-
|
règ
|
(a) wolf / "wolf-ity"
|
| Singulative
|
-ò
|
règò
|
(a) one wolf
|
Declension
| Nominative
|
Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs
|
-
|
min
|
(a) man
|
| Accusative
|
Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs
|
-am
|
minam
|
(a) man
|
| Instrumental
|
Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs
|
-vá
|
minvá
|
by/with a man
|
| Vialis
|
Spatial/temporal way, path
|
-rí
|
minrí
|
via (a) man
|
| Allative
|
Direction to a target
|
-ṭha
|
minṭha
|
to (a) man
|
| Ablative
|
Direction from something, separation
|
-de
|
minde
|
from (a) man
|
| Locative
|
Place, space, position
|
-su
|
minsu
|
(in) (a) man
|
| Genitive
|
Possessing side, various postpositions
|
-ni
|
minni
|
of (a) man
|
| Benefactive
|
Destination to something
|
-phú
|
minphú
|
for (a) man
|
Inactive nouns have accusatival endings for the Nominative.
Verb
Morphemic order: [(Aspect + Root + Voice) + Root extension(s) + State + (Subject + Tense) + Object]
Aspect
| Progressive
|
-
|
yév-
|
(to) look, observe
|
| Stative
|
Ce-CV(ː)-
|
yeyév-
|
(to) see
|
Voice
| Active
|
-
|
yév-
|
(to) look, observe
|
| Middle
|
-si-
|
yésiv-
|
(to) look on self
|
| Causative
|
-tæ-
|
yétæv-
|
(to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth
|
| Middle-Causative1
|
-kha-
|
yékhav-
|
(to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self
|
1 - rare, reserved only for several verbs
State (Secondary aspect)
| Inceptive
|
-ar-
|
yévar-
|
began to see
|
| Continuative
|
-im-
|
yévim-
|
still to see
|
| Pausative
|
-ith-
|
yévith-
|
stop to see
|
| Terminative
|
-èb-
|
yévèb-
|
end to see
|
Tense and persons
Present subjective persons
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1.
|
-an
|
I
|
-ama
|
we
|
| 2.
|
-ak
|
you
|
-aka
|
you
|
| 3.
|
-o
|
he / she / it
|
-oha
|
they
|
| 4.
|
-
|
someone / something
|
|
Non-present subjective persons
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1.
|
-amu
|
I
|
-amav
|
we
|
| 2.
|
-aku
|
you
|
-akav
|
you
|
| 3.
|
-ov
|
he / she / it
|
-ova
|
they
|
| 4.
|
-u / -v
|
someone / something
|
|
Objective persons
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1.
|
-un / -n
|
me
|
-una / -na
|
us
|
| 2.
|
-akh / -kh
|
you
|
-akha / -kha
|
you
|
| 3.
|
-ôṣ / -ṣ
|
he / she / it
|
-ôṣa / -ṣa
|
them
|
| 4.
|
-ur / -r
|
someone / something
|
|
Non-finite verbs
| Action noun
|
-nêr
|
yévnêr
|
vision, seeing
|
| Participles
|
| Adjectival
|
-té
|
yévté
|
seeing
|
| Adverbial
|
-tú
|
yévtú
|
seeing
|
Adjective
Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.
Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.
Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.
All adjectives inflect by four degrees.
Dependent adjectives' declension
| Nominative
|
-
|
tǽt
|
good
|
| Objective
|
-am
|
tǽtam
|
(of/in/to/from) good
|
| Instrumental
|
-vá
|
tǽtvá
|
(by/with) good
|
Degrees of comparison
| Positive
|
Comparative
|
Optimative
|
Superlative
|
| -
|
-yò
|
-yár
|
-tís
|
| tǽt
|
tǽtyò
|
tǽtyár
|
tǽttís
|
| good
|
better
|
best (of a group)
|
best (of a total)
|
Adverb
Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.
Degrees of comparison
| Positive
|
Comparative
|
Optimative
|
Superlative
|
| -e
|
-yê
|
-yáre
|
-tíse
|
| tǽte
|
tǽtyê
|
tǽtyáre
|
tǽttíse
|
| well
|
better
|
best (of a group)
|
best (of a total)
|
Numerals
Cardinal numerals
| 1.
|
òr
|
| 2.
|
ḍaxá
|
| 3.
|
taryú
|
| 4.
|
ambuqi
|
| 5.
|
khadru
|
| 6.
|
khaṣḍu
|
| 7.
|
tôqtu
|
| 8.
|
kyáskhu
|
| 9.
|
davsu
|
| 10.
|
máthu
|
| 11.
|
máthu òr-vo
|
| 12.
|
máthu ḍaxá-vo
|
| 20.
|
ḍaxmáthu
|
| 21.
|
ḍaxmáthu òr-vo
|
| 30
|
taryúmathu
|
| 100.
|
mamêth
|
| 101.
|
mamêth òr-vo
|
| 120.
|
mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo
|
| 121.
|
mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo òr-vo
|
| 200.
|
ḍaxá mamêth
|
| 1.000.
|
varmêth
|
| 10.000.
|
máthu varmêth
|
Derived numerals
|
|
Ordinal
|
Multiplicative
|
Reproductive
|
Distributive
|
Fractional
|
| -uk / -k
|
-ph-as
|
-and-as / -nd-as
|
-uk-as / -k-as
|
-nôy
|
| 1.
|
òruk
|
òrphas
|
òrandas
|
òrukas
|
òrnôy
|
| 2.
|
ḍaxák
|
ḍaxáphas
|
ḍaxándas
|
ḍaxákas
|
ḍaxánôy
|
| 3.
|
taryúk
|
taryúphas
|
taryúndas
|
taryúkas
|
taryúnôy
|
| 4.
|
ambuqik
|
ambuqiphas
|
ambuqindas
|
ambuqikas
|
ambuqinôy
|
| 5.
|
khadruk
|
khadruphas
|
khadrundas
|
khadrukas
|
khadrunôy
|
| 6.
|
khaṣḍuk
|
khaṣḍuphas
|
khaṣḍundas
|
khaṣḍukas
|
khaṣḍunôy
|
| 7.
|
tôqtuk
|
tôqtuphas
|
tôqtundas
|
tôqtukas
|
tôqtunôy
|
| 8.
|
kyáṣkuk
|
kyáṣkuphas
|
kyáṣkundas
|
kyáṣkukas
|
kyáṣkunôy
|
| 9.
|
davsuk
|
davsuphas
|
davsundas
|
davsukas
|
davsunôy
|
| 10.
|
máthuk
|
máthuphas
|
máthundas
|
máthukas
|
máthunôy
|
| 11.
|
máthuk òruk-vo
|
máthu òruphas-vo
|
máthu òrundas
|
máthu òrukas
|
máthu òrunôy
|
| 20.
|
ḍaxmáthuk
|
ḍaxmáthuphas
|
ḍaxmáthundas
|
ḍaxmathukas
|
ḍaxmathunôy
|
| 21.
|
ḍaxmáthuk òruk-vo
|
ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo
|
ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo
|
ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo
|
ḍaxmáthu òrunôy-vo
|
| 100.
|
mamêthuk
|
mamêthuphas
|
mamêthundas
|
mamêthukas
|
mamêthunôy
|
| 101.
|
mamêthuk òruk-vo
|
mamêthu òruphas-vo
|
mamêthu òrundas-vo
|
mamêthu òrukas-vo
|
mamêthu òrunôy-vo
|
| 120.
|
mamêthuk ḍaxmáthuk-vo
|
mamêthu ḍaxmáthuphas-vo
|
mamêthu ḍaxmáthundas-vo
|
mamêthu ḍaxmáthukas-vo
|
mamêthu ḍaxmáthunôy-vo
|
| 121.
|
mamêthuk ḍaxmathuk-vo òruk-vo
|
mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo
|
mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo
|
mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo
|
mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrnôy-vo
|
| 200.
|
ḍaxá mamêthuk
|
ḍaxá mamêthuphas
|
ḍaxá mamêthundas
|
ḍaxá mamêthukas
|
ḍaxá mamêthunôy
|
| 1000.
|
varmêthuk
|
varmêthuphas
|
varmêthundas
|
varmêthukas
|
varmêthunôy
|
| 10.000.
|
máthu varmêthuk
|
máthu varmêthuphas
|
máthu varmêthundas
|
máthu varmêthukas
|
máthu varmêthunôy
|
Numeral adverbs
| váre
|
many
|
| víne
|
little
|
| tyap
|
half
|
| qòrephas
|
how many times ?
|
| serephas
|
so often
|
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns inflect by case in the same way as a nouns.
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1.
|
na
|
I
|
mé
|
we
|
| 2.
|
khú
|
thou here
|
ṇé
|
you here
|
| ṭú
|
thou there
|
yô
|
you there
|
| 3.
|
óm
|
he / she / it here
|
óma
|
they here
|
| ês
|
he / she / it there
|
êsa
|
they there
|
| 4.
|
ṣá
|
someone / something here
|
| ġá
|
someone / something there
|
Possessive pronouns
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1.
|
nas
|
my
|
més
|
our
|
| 2.
|
khús
|
thy here
|
ṇés
|
your here
|
| ṭús
|
thy there
|
yôs
|
your there
|
| 3.
|
ómas
|
his / her / its here
|
ómsa
|
their here
|
| êsas
|
his / her / its there
|
êssa
|
their there
|
| 4.
|
ṣás
|
someone / something else's here
|
| ġás
|
someone / something else's there
|
Demonstrative pronouns
|
|
Proper
|
Distant Visual
|
Distant Non-Visual
|
| Person / Object
|
se
|
this
|
ṭa
|
that
|
va
|
someone / something there
|
| Place
|
seder
|
here
|
ṭader
|
there
|
vader
|
somewhere there
|
| Source
|
sederer
|
from here
|
ṭaderer
|
from there
|
vaderer
|
from somewhere there
|
| Purpose direction
|
sederkè
|
to here
|
ṭaderkè
|
to there, so far
|
vaderkè
|
to somewhere there
|
| Path
|
sónda (← se-gonda)
|
this way
|
ṭónda (← ṭa-gonda)
|
that way
|
vónda (← va-gonda)
|
some way
|
| Time
|
semat
|
now
|
ṭamat
|
then
|
| Method
|
ses
|
in this way
|
ṭas
|
in that way
|
vas
|
in some way
|
| Quantity
|
sere
|
so much
|
| Qualify
|
seṇúr
|
like this here
|
ṭaṇúr
|
like that
|
vaṇúr
|
like something there
|
| Reason
|
sephú
|
for this reason
|
ṭaphú
|
for that reason
|
vaphú
|
for some reason
|
Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns
|
|
Interrogative / Relative
|
Indefinite
|
Unlimited
|
| Person / Object
|
qò
|
who ? which ?
|
òqò
|
someone
|
òqòráy
|
anyone
|
| Place
|
qòder
|
where ?
|
òqòder
|
somewhere
|
òqòderráy
|
anywhere
|
| Source
|
qòderer
|
whence ?
|
òqòderer
|
from somewhere
|
òqòdererráy
|
from anywhere
|
| Purpose direction
|
qòderkè
|
whither ?
|
òqòderkê
|
to somewhere
|
òqòderkêrráy
|
to anywhere
|
| Path
|
qónda (← qò-gonda)
|
which way ?
|
òqònda
|
via some way
|
òqòndaráy
|
via any way
|
| Time
|
qòmat
|
when ?
|
òqòmat
|
once
|
òqòmatráy
|
ever
|
| Method
|
qás
|
how ?
|
òqás
|
somehow
|
òqásráy
|
anyhow
|
| Quantity
|
qòre
|
how much ?
|
òqòre
|
somehow much
|
òqòreráy
|
anyhow much
|
| Qualify
|
qòṇúr
|
which one ?
|
òqòṇúr
|
some
|
òqòṇúrráy
|
any
|
| Reason
|
qòphú
|
why ?
|
Negative, universal and alternative pronouns
|
|
Negative
|
Universal
|
Alternative
|
| Person / Object
|
môqò
|
nobody, nothing
|
qòṣár
|
every
|
ínqò
|
anyone else
|
| Place
|
môqòder
|
nowhere
|
òqòderṣár
|
everywhere
|
ínqòder
|
elswhere
|
| Source
|
môqòderer
|
from nowhere
|
òqòdererṣár
|
from everywhere
|
inqòderer
|
from elswhere
|
| Purpose direction
|
môqòderkè
|
to nowhere
|
òqòderkèṣár
|
to everywhere
|
ínqòderkè
|
to elswhere
|
| Path
|
môqónda
|
through no way
|
òqóndaṣár
|
through all ways
|
ínqónda
|
which way else
|
| Time
|
môqòmat
|
never
|
òqòmatṣár
|
always
|
ínqòmat
|
when else
|
| Method
|
môqás
|
nohow
|
òqásṣár
|
in all methods
|
ínqás
|
otherwise
|
| Quantity
|
môqòre
|
nothing
|
òqòreṣár
|
otherwise than so many
|
| Quality
|
môqòṇúr
|
neuter, indistinct
|
òqòṇúrṣár
|
any
|
ín
|
other
|
Numeral pronouns
| Interrogative / Relative
|
qòre
|
how much ?
|
| Indefinite
|
òqòre
|
write a number
|
| Unlimited
|
òqòreráy
|
however many
|
| Negative
|
môqòre
|
nothing
|
| Alternative
|
òqòreṣár
|
otherwise than so many
|
Reflexive, reciprocal and cooperative pronouns
| Reflexive
|
rè
|
oneself
|
| Reciprocal
|
ḍárè (← ḍaxá + rè)
|
each other
|
| Cooperative
|
rèbyæ (← rè + byæ)
|
together cooperatively
|
Postpositions
Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals
| iv
|
in, inside
|
Locative
|
| from inside
|
Ablative
|
| to inside
|
Allative
|
|
|
| ir
|
on
|
Locative
|
| from on
|
Ablative
|
| to on
|
Allative
|
|
|
| súr
|
above
|
Locative
|
| from above
|
Ablative
|
| to above
|
Allative
|
|
|
| du
|
under
|
Locative
|
| from under
|
Ablative
|
| to under
|
Allative
|
|
|
| byæ
|
beside
|
Locative
|
| from beside
|
Ablative
|
| to beside
|
Allative
|
|
|
| ġó
|
away
|
Locative
|
| from away
|
Ablative
|
| to away
|
Allative
|
|
|
| ḍaxív
|
between
|
Locative
|
| from between
|
Ablative
|
| to between
|
Allative
|
|
|
| só
|
behind
|
Locative
|
| from behind
|
Ablative
|
| to behind
|
Allative
|
|
|
| sók
|
out
|
Locative
|
| from out
|
Ablative
|
| to out
|
Allative
|
|
|
| keṇkiv
|
around
|
Locative
|
| from around
|
Ablative
|
| to around
|
Allative
|
|
|
| phôr
|
before, opposite to
|
Locative
|
| from before, from opposite to
|
Ablative
|
| to before, to opposite to
|
Allative
|
|
|
| mativ
|
during, in time of
|
Locative
|
| from time of
|
Ablative
|
| to time of
|
Allative
|
|
|
| ku
|
after
|
Locative
|
| from after
|
Ablative
|
| to after
|
Allative
|
Other postpositions
| Companion, attributive object
|
vóv (← vo-vá)
|
with
|
Instrumental
|
| Material, substantion, origin
|
er
|
from
|
Ablative
|
| Lack
|
môv (← mô-vá)
|
without
|
Genitive
|
| Alternative
|
deriv
|
instead
|
Genitive
|
| Contrary
|
phôrer
|
against
|
Allative
|
| Resistance
|
kúv (← ku-vo)
|
despite, though
|
Inactive
|
| Stylization
|
byǽv (← byæ-vo)
|
along to, according to
|
Instrumental
|
Particles
Conjunctions
| Paratactical conjunctions
|
| Copulative
|
vo
|
and
|
| Conjunctive
|
ṭáv
|
also
|
| Disjunctive
|
sa
|
or
|
| Contrastive, exceptional
|
tó
|
but
|
| Consequentive
|
rèṣ
|
so
|
| Comparative
|
pe
|
than
|
|
|
| Hypotactical conjunctions
|
| bô
|
to, for
|
| tóvo
|
althought
|
| rèṣer
|
because
|
| eṭvo
|
if
|
| dè
|
that, providing
|
Modifiers
| Common modifiers
|
| Restrictive
|
òre
|
only
|
| Additive
|
êṭe
|
yet
|
| Verbal modifiers
|
| Potentional
|
qay
|
Expresses an action or situation which may be happen.
|
| Hypothetical
|
bú
|
Expresses a counterfactual but possible event or situation.
|
| Imperative
|
í
|
Expresses direct commands.
|
| Prohibitive
|
mí
|
Expresses direct prohibitions.
|
| Precative
|
nú
|
Expresses a requests.
|
| Dubitative
|
áx
|
Expresses a dubious event or action.
|
| Desiderative
|
ryǽ
|
Expresses a wishes or desires.
|
| Jussive
|
qháv
|
Expresses a moral pressure for an action or event.
|
| Obligative
|
ġar
|
Expresses an obligation from a personal oath, honour, contract or another event or action.
|
| Permissive
|
thóm
|
Expresses a subject's permission to action or event.
|
| Necessitative
|
báqh
|
Expresses an event or action, which is needed as a way to purpose.
|
| Interrogative
|
xê
|
It is using to expressing a questions and interrogations.
|
Polarity particles
| Affirmative
|
ṭáx
|
yes
|
| Negative1
|
mô
|
no
|
1 Only in independent form.
Word formation
Compounding
Derivation
Noun
Noun to noun
| Diminutive
|
-sí
|
kháṣá → kháṣásí
|
daughter → little daughter
|
| Augmentative
|
-dá
|
dyǽr → dyǽrdá
|
mountain → grand mountain
|
| Contradiction
|
mô-
|
min → mômin
|
human → non-human
|
| Similarity
|
-rǽx
|
dumb → dumbrǽx
|
tree → pseudo-tree
|
| Half
|
-tyap
|
súg → súgtyap
|
dog → half-dog
|
| Relational abstract
|
-næn
|
agô → agônæn
|
brother → brotherhood
|
| Related person
|
-tan
|
bák → báktan
|
cow → cowman
|
| Place
|
-der
|
xôg → xôgder
|
fire → campfire
|
| Art / Craft
|
-kant
|
bábá → bábákant
|
war → craft of war
|
| Knowledge
|
-móg
|
samarand → samarandmóg
|
herb → herbalism
|
| Expert
|
-môgtan
|
samarandmóg → samarandmógtan
|
herbalism → herbalist
|
| Product
|
-vík
|
púrú → púrúvík
|
meal → bread
|
Noun to adjective
| Possessive
|
-as
|
xvaq → xvaqas
|
horse → equine
|
| Originative
|
-er-as
|
deṇsu → deṇsuras
|
sky → celestial
|
| Similaritive
|
-tyás (← -tí-as)
|
meṣṭe → meṣtetyás
|
cat → felid
|
| Feature
|
-svas (← -su-as)
|
mvar → mvarsvas
|
hair → hairy
|
| Affiliative
|
-nyas (← -ni-as)
|
ġáná → ġánányas
|
family → familiar
|
| Privative
|
môv-...-as
|
thǽd → môvthǽdas
|
tooth → toothless
|
Verb
Verb to noun
| Agentive
|
-tan
|
kuṣṭ- → kuṣṭtan
|
(to) shoot → shooter
|
| Experiencer, adressee
|
-mi
|
mǽd-- → mǽdmi
|
(to) teach → learner
|
| Result
|
-ma
|
qub- → qubma
|
(to) fall → (a) fall
|
| Instance
|
-pê
|
iṣ- → iṣpê
|
(to) speak → speech
|
| Instrument
|
-kep
|
bá- → bákep
|
(to) beat → hammer
|
| Place
|
-der
|
gon- → gonder
|
(to) kill → slaughterhouse
|
Verb to verb
| Reaction
|
tu-
|
bá- → tubá-
|
(to) beat → (to) shield against beatings
|
| bábá- → tubábá-
|
(to) war → (to) repel attack
|
| iṣ- → tviṣ-
|
(to) speak → (to) reply
|
| Intensification
|
syllabic reduplication
|
bá- → bábá-
|
(to) beat → (to) war
|
Adjective
Adjective to noun
| Abstract
|
-næn
|
bônd → bôndnæn
|
strong → strength
|
Adjective to adjective
| Tendency
|
-dyem
|
tǽt → tǽtdyǽm
|
good → bland
|
| Intensification
|
syllabic reduplication
|
ġab → ġaġab
|
big → very big
|
| Excess
|
-ġab
|
tís → tísġab
|
small → too small
|
Syntax
Word order
Main word order is SOV. Generally, also it may be free, so other combinations are possible without a meaning's change.
Copular verbs
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
| Translative
|
ar
|
became
|
már
|
don't became
|
| Essive
|
êṭ
|
be
|
môṭ
|
don't be
|
| Excessive
|
èb
|
cease to be
|
im
|
don't cease to be
|
See Also
