| Proto-Tḷantali |
|---|
| Pronunciation |
/t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |
|---|
| Region |
Originalia |
|---|
Language family |
|
|---|
 |
Phonology
Consonants
|
|
Bilabial
|
Labiodental
|
Dental
|
Velarized dental
|
Alveolar
|
Velarized alveolar
|
Palatal
|
Velar
|
Uvular
|
| Nasal
|
m
|
|
|
|
n
|
|
|
ŋ~ɴ
|
| Plosive
|
b b̰
|
|
|
|
t d d̰
|
tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ
|
|
k g g̰
|
q ɢ ɢ̰
|
| Fricative
|
|
f~fˠ v~vˠ
|
θ ð
|
θˠ ðˠ
|
s z
|
sˠ zˠ
|
|
x~χ ɣ~ʁ
|
| Approximant
|
|
|
|
|
ɹ~ɹˠ
|
j
|
w
|
|
| Lateral fricative
|
|
|
|
|
ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ
|
|
|
|
| Lateral affricate
|
|
|
|
|
t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ
|
t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ
|
|
|
|
| Lateral approximant
|
|
|
|
|
l
|
lˠ
|
|
|
|
Vowels
|
|
Front
|
Back
|
| Unrounded
|
Rounded
|
| High
|
i iː
|
ɯ ɯː
|
u uː
|
| Mid
|
e̞ e̞ː
|
ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː
|
o̞ o̞ː
|
| Low
|
æ æː
|
|
ɑ ɑː
|
Vocalic harmony
| Front
|
i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː
|
| Neutral
|
u uː o̞ o̞ː
|
| Back
|
ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː ɑ ɑː
|
A-mutation
Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels.
Phonotactics
(C)V(ː)(C)
C = any consonant
V = any short vowel
Vː = any long vowel
Accent
First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress.
Monosyllabic words are unstressed, but pronouns have two variants: monosyllabic singular pronouns are unstressed, but the same forms in plural are stressed for distinction.
Grammar
Noun
Morphemic order: Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession
Definiteness
| Neutral
|
-
|
ugaru
|
wolf
|
| Indefinite
|
-a
|
ugarua
|
a wolf
|
| Definite
|
-re
|
ugarurə
|
the wolf
|
Noun class
| Human masculine
|
æ-
|
æðǽm
|
man
|
| Human feminine
|
í-
|
íðǽm
|
woman
|
| Animal
|
u-
|
ugaru
|
wolf
|
| Vegetal
|
y-
|
ydýn
|
birch
|
| Body parts
|
a-
|
aḷós'
|
ear
|
| Spiritual
|
is-
|
iððǽm
|
ancestor
|
| Substantial
|
ol-
|
olol
|
water
|
| Other
|
-
|
gyksy
|
stone
|
Possession
| Subordinating
|
Equal
|
Subordinated
|
| my
|
-mí
|
our
|
-mís
|
my
|
-me
|
our
|
-mes
|
my
|
-mu
|
our
|
-mus
|
| thee
|
-θáy
|
your
|
-θáys
|
thee
|
-θa
|
your
|
-θas
|
thee
|
-θu
|
your
|
-θus
|
| his / her / its
|
-keí
|
their
|
-keís
|
his / her / its
|
-ke
|
their
|
-kes
|
his / her / its
|
-ku
|
their
|
-kus
|
Verb
Morphemic order: [Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object]
Circumstantiality
Circumstantials are promoting object of a transitive or ditransitive clause into position of subject.
| Agentive
|
-
|
tək
|
be closing
|
| Patientive
|
-al
|
təkal
|
be closed
|
| Indirective
|
-em
|
ġərəm
|
be having received ...
|
| Instrumental
|
-od-
|
ketod
|
be cutting with ...
|
| Vialis
|
-is
|
ǽris
|
be going via ...
|
| Ablative
|
-áθ
|
ǽrǽθ
|
be going from ...
|
| Allative
|
-íḷ
|
ǽríḷ
|
be going to ...
|
| Benefactive
|
-ów
|
ǽrów
|
be going for ...
|
Aspect
| Inchoative
|
-iḅ-
|
ḷýdyḅ
|
began speaking
|
| Incompletive
|
-
|
ḷýd
|
be speaking
|
| Defective
|
-otḷ-
|
ḷýdotḷ
|
almost be said
|
| Completive
|
-ag-
|
ḷə́dag
|
be said
|
Evidentiality
| Visual
|
vǽ
|
vǽ ḅat
|
be beat (and I was seeing it)
|
| Heard
|
ḷós'
|
ḷós ḅat
|
be beat (and I was hearing it)
|
| Other
|
-
|
ḅat
|
be beat (and I know it from another source)
|
Non-finite verbal forms
| Actionals
|
| Action noun
|
-nan
|
tḷə́hnan
|
living
|
| Infinitive
|
-nað'
|
tḷə́hnað'
|
to live
|
| Participles
|
| Adjective
|
-ní
|
tḷə́hný
|
living
|
| Adverbial
|
-ne
|
tḷə́hnə
|
living
|
Numerals
Cardinal numerals
| 1.
|
wák
|
| 2.
|
qoda
|
| 3.
|
sebdæ
|
| 4.
|
oqəda
|
| 5.
|
inθ'edæ
|
| 6.
|
anḷəda
|
| 7.
|
bǽldæ
|
| 8.
|
xaðda
|
| 9.
|
hagəda
|
| 10.
|
dógda
|
| 11.
|
dógda wák
|
| 12.
|
dógda qoda
|
| 20.
|
qoda dógda
|
| 21.
|
qoda dógda wák
|
| 30
|
sebdæ dógda
|
| 100.
|
dodógda
|
| 101.
|
dodógda wák
|
| 120.
|
dodógda qoda dógda
|
| 121.
|
dodógda qoda dógda wák
|
| 200.
|
qoda dodógda
|
| 1.000.
|
gyndógda
|
| 10.000.
|
dógda gyndógda
|
Derived numerals
|
|
Ordinal
|
Multiplicative
|
Reproductive
|
Distributive
|
Fractional
|
| -ori
|
-sarah
|
-tóta
|
-wín
|
-mæk
|
| 1.
|
wákory
|
wáksarah
|
wáktóta
|
wákwýn
|
wákmak
|
| 2.
|
qodaory
|
qodasarah
|
qodatóta
|
qodawýn
|
qodamak
|
| 3.
|
sebdæori
|
sebdæsæræh
|
sebdætóta
|
sebdæwín
|
sebdæmæk
|
| 4.
|
oqədaory
|
oqədasarah
|
oqədatóta
|
oqədawýn
|
oqədamak
|
| 5.
|
inθ'edæori
|
inθ'edæsæræh
|
inθ'edætótæ
|
inθ'edæwín
|
inθ'edæmæk
|
| 6.
|
anḷədaory
|
anḷədasarah
|
anḷədatóta
|
anḷədawín
|
anḷədamak
|
| 7.
|
bǽldæori
|
bǽldæsæræh
|
bǽldætótæ
|
bǽldæwín
|
bǽldæmæk
|
| 8.
|
xaðdaory
|
xaðdasarah
|
xaðdatóta
|
xaðdawýn
|
xaðdamak
|
| 9.
|
hagədaory
|
hagədasarah
|
hagədatóta
|
hagədawýn
|
hagədamak
|
| 10.
|
dógdaory
|
dógdasarah
|
dógdatóta
|
dógdawýn
|
dógdamak
|
| 11.
|
dógda wákory
|
dógda wáksarah
|
dógda wáktóta
|
dógda wákwýn
|
dógda wákmak
|
| 20.
|
qoda dógdaory
|
qoda dógdasarah
|
qoda dógdatóta
|
qoda dógdawýn
|
qoda dógdamak
|
| 21.
|
qoda dógda wákory
|
qoda dógda wáksarah
|
qoda dógda wáktóta
|
qoda dógda wákwýn
|
qoda dógda wákmak
|
| 100.
|
dodógdaory
|
dodógdasarah
|
dodógdatóta
|
dodógdawýn
|
dodógdamak
|
| 101.
|
dodógda wákory
|
dodógda wáksarah
|
dodógda wáktóta
|
dodógda wákwýn
|
dodógda wákmak
|
| 120.
|
dodógda qoda dógdaory
|
dodógda qoda dógdasarah
|
dodógda qoda dógdatóta
|
dodógda qoda dógdawýn
|
dodógda qoda dógdamak
|
| 121.
|
dodógda qoda dógdaory
|
dodógda qoda dógdasarah
|
dodógda qoda dógdatóta
|
dodógda qoda dógdawýn
|
dodógda qoda dógdamak
|
| 200.
|
qoda dodógdaory
|
qoda dodógdasarah
|
qoda dodógdatóta
|
qoda dodógdawýn
|
qoda dodógdamak
|
| 1000.
|
gyndógdaory
|
gyndógdasarah
|
gyndógdatóta
|
gyndógdawýn
|
gyndógdamak
|
| 10.000.
|
dógda gyndógdaory
|
dógda gyndógdasarah
|
dógda gyndógdatóta
|
dógda gyndógdawýn
|
dógda gyndógdamak
|
Numeral adverbs
| gýn
|
many
|
| tíḷ
|
little
|
| báġ
|
half
|
| kalsarah
|
how many times ?
|
| rəsarah
|
so often
|
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
|
|
Subordinating
|
Equal
|
Subordinated
|
| I / we
|
amí
|
me
|
meru
|
| thou / you
|
θáy
|
θa
|
θaru
|
| he / she / it / they
|
keí
|
ke
|
keru
|
Demonstrative pronouns
|
|
Proper
|
Distant
|
| Person / Object
|
re
|
this
|
da
|
that
|
| Place
|
retol
|
here
|
datol
|
there
|
| Source
|
abrə
|
from here
|
abdə
|
from there
|
| Purpose direction
|
arrə
|
to here
|
ardə
|
to there, so far
|
| Path
|
revæd
|
this way
|
davad
|
that way
|
| Time
|
reġæm
|
now
|
daġam
|
then
|
| Method
|
reben
|
in this way
|
dabən
|
in that way
|
| Quantity
|
regén
|
so much
|
| Qualify
|
rekæḷ
|
like this here
|
dakaḷ
|
like that
|
| Reason
|
reów
|
for this reason
|
daów
|
for that reason
|
Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns
|
|
Interrogative / Relative
|
Indefinite
|
Unlimited
|
| Person / Object
|
t'ə
|
who ? which ?
|
t'əzə
|
someone
|
t'əwákə
|
anyone
|
| Place
|
t'əbo
|
where ?
|
t'əbozə
|
somewhere
|
t'əbowákə
|
anywhere
|
| Source
|
átt'əbo (← áθ + t'əbo)
|
whence ?
|
átt'əbozə
|
from somewhere
|
átt'əbowákə
|
from anywhere
|
| Purpose direction
|
iḷt'ebo
|
whither ?
|
iḷt'ebozə
|
to somewhere
|
iḷt'ebowákə
|
to anywhere
|
| Path
|
ist'ebo
|
which way ?
|
ist'ebozə
|
via some way
|
ist'ebowákə
|
via any way
|
| Time
|
t'eġǽm
|
when ?
|
t'eġǽmze
|
once
|
t'eġǽmwǽke
|
ever
|
| Method
|
t'eben
|
how ?
|
t'ebenze
|
somehow
|
t'ebenwǽke
|
anyhow
|
| Quantity
|
t'eli
|
how much ?
|
t'elize
|
somehow much
|
t'eliwǽke
|
anyhow much
|
| Qualify
|
t'ere
|
which one ?
|
t'ereze
|
some
|
t'erewǽke
|
any
|
| Reason
|
t'ereów
|
why ?
|
Negative, universal and alternative pronouns
|
|
Negative
|
Universal
|
Alternative
|
| Person / Object
|
lat'ə
|
nobody, nothing
|
vǽrt'e
|
every
|
irt'ə
|
anyone else
|
| Place
|
lat'əbo
|
nowhere
|
vǽrt'ebo
|
everywhere
|
irt'ebo
|
elswhere
|
| Source
|
laátt'əbo
|
from nowhere
|
vǽrǽtt'ebo
|
from everywhere
|
irǽtt'ebo
|
from elswhere
|
| Purpose direction
|
layḷt'əbo
|
to nowhere
|
vǽriḷt'ebo
|
to everywhere
|
iriḷt'ebo
|
to elswhere
|
| Path
|
layst'əbo
|
through no way
|
vǽrist'ebo
|
through all ways
|
irist'ebo
|
which way else
|
| Time
|
lat'əġám
|
never
|
vǽrt'eġǽm
|
always
|
irt'eġǽm
|
when else
|
| Method
|
lat'əbən
|
nohow
|
vǽrt'eben
|
in all methods
|
irt'eben
|
otherwise
|
| Quantity
|
lat'əly
|
nothing
|
irt'eli
|
otherwise than so many
|
| Quality
|
lat'ərə
|
neuter, indistinct
|
vǽrt'ere
|
any
|
irt'ere
|
other
|
Numeral pronouns
| Interrogative / Relative
|
t'eli
|
how much ?
|
| Indefinite
|
t'elize
|
write a number
|
| Unlimited
|
t'eliwǽke
|
however many
|
| Negative
|
lat'əly
|
nothing
|
| Alternative
|
irt'eli
|
otherwise than so many
|
Reflexive / reciprocal and cooperative pronouns
| Reflexive / Reciprocal
|
jý
|
oneself
|
| Cooperative
|
wód (← ú + od)
|
together cooperatively
|
Prepositions
Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals
| ú
|
in, inside
|
| sy
|
on
|
| sybo
|
above
|
| gú
|
under
|
| úbyk
|
beside
|
| máb
|
away
|
| nahdy
|
between
|
| ví
|
behind
|
| vídi
|
out
|
| digur
|
around
|
| ḍór
|
before, opposite to
|
| úgám
|
during, in time of
|
| di
|
after
|
Other postpositions
| Companion, attributive object
|
od
|
with
|
| Origin
|
áθ
|
from
|
| Lack
|
laod
|
without
|
| Alternative
|
úpár
|
instead
|
| Contrary
|
gúḍór
|
against
|
| Resistance
|
dire
|
despite, though
|
| Stylization
|
úbən
|
along to, according to
|
Particles
Conjunctions
| Paratactical conjunctions
|
| Copulative
|
po
|
and
|
| Conjunctive
|
épo
|
also
|
| Disjunctive
|
aθa
|
or
|
| Contrastive, exceptional
|
ǽk
|
but
|
| Consequentive
|
és
|
so
|
| Comparative
|
jo
|
than
|
|
|
| Hypotactical conjunctions
|
| iḷé
|
to, for
|
| kælé
|
althought
|
| kidæ
|
because
|
| iri
|
if
|
| xó
|
that, providing
|
Modifiers
| Restrictive
|
wákə
|
only
|
| Additive
|
irve
|
yet
|
Intensifiers
| Very strongly
|
áġ
|
áġ wǽlí
|
to whiten very strongly
|
| Strongly
|
ḍǽ
|
ḍǽ wǽlí
|
to whiten strongly
|
| Normally
|
-
|
wǽlí
|
to whiten
|
| Weakly
|
ḷí
|
ḷí wǽlí
|
to whiten lightly
|
| Very weakly
|
sí
|
sí wǽlí
|
to whiten very lightly
|
Polarity particles
| Affirmative
|
zǽ
|
yes
|
| Negative
|
lá
|
no
|
Word formation
Compounding
Derivation
Noun
Noun to noun
| Diminutive
|
-nú
|
íθǽlwæ → éθǽlwænú
|
daughter → little daughter
|
| Augmentative
|
-ġá
|
ġáw → ġáwġá
|
mountain → grand mountain
|
| Contradiction
|
lá- (not causing a-mutation)
|
æðǽm → lá-æðǽm
|
human → non-human
|
| Similarity
|
-jóka
|
ytundu → (y)tundujóka
|
tree → pseudo-tree
|
| Half
|
báġ-
|
ukunu → ubáġkunu
|
dog → half-dog
|
| Relational abstract
|
-fyly
|
æheġ'e → æheġ'efili
|
brother → brotherhood
|
| Related person
|
-kǽr
|
uwóḅan → æwóḅænkǽr
|
cow → cowman
|
| Collective
|
-tóm
|
okaḷýs → okaḷýstóm
|
bird → birds (a a collective)
|
| Place
|
-tel
|
xok → xoktəl
|
fire → campfire
|
| Art / Craft
|
-rén'
|
ezbærúm → barúmrə́n'
|
war → craft of war
|
| Knowledge
|
-xóð'-tóm
|
ufohja → ufohjaxóð'tóm
|
herb → herbalism
|
| Expert
|
-xóð'-kǽr
|
fohjaxóð' → fohjaxóḍ'kár
|
herbalist knowledge → herbalist
|
Noun to adjective
| Possessive
|
-nen
|
æðǽm → æðǽmnen
|
man → human
|
| Originative
|
-ním
|
istǽlge → tǽlgením
|
sky → celestial
|
| Similaritive
|
-sampá
|
umərθə → umərθəsampá
|
cat → felid
|
| Feature
|
-orhe
|
aθ'əḷə → θ'eḷjórhe
|
hair → hairy
|
| Affiliative
|
-in
|
ten'etóm → ten'etómin
|
family → familiar
|
| Privative
|
lá-...-[any adjectivizer]
|
akə́pθə → lá-akə́pθorhə
|
tooth → toothless
|
Verb
Verb to noun
| Agentive
|
-kǽr
|
n'ip- → æn'epkǽr
|
(to) shoot → shooter
|
| Experiencer, adressee
|
-al-kǽr
|
téhæs- → ætéhesælkǽr
|
(to) teach → learner
|
| Result
|
-agú
|
dón'- → dón'agú
|
(to) fall → (a) fall
|
| Instance
|
-lán
|
ḷýd- → isḷédlǽn
|
(to) speak → speech
|
| Instrument
|
-od
|
qáh- → qáhod
|
(to) beat → whip
|
| Place
|
-tel
|
vóġ- → vóġtəl
|
(to) kill → slaughterhouse
|
Verb to verb
Adjective
Adjective to noun
| Abstract
|
-fyly
|
ḍýg → izḍígfili
|
strong → strength
|
Adjective to adjective
| Tendency
|
-maḷḷa
|
sís → sísmæḷḷæ
|
good → bland
|
| Intensification
|
-gaxí
|
ḅábú → ḅábógaxý
|
big → very big
|
| Excess
|
-níri
|
tíḷḷí → tíḷḷíníri
|
small → too small
|
Syntax
Word order
Word order is SVO, and is not free. Subject of a clause is always first before an object. Reversing of order of subject and object means replacing the theta roles between those.
Copular verb
Copular roots are combined with evidentiality.
| Visual
|
vǽv (← vǽ + ve)
|
be (because something is visible)
|
| Heard
|
ḷóves (← ḷós + ve)
|
be (because something is heard)
|
| Other
|
ve
|
be (because knowledge has another origin)
|
Modal verbs
| Potentional
|
nád
|
Expresses an action or situation which may be happen.
|
| Hypothetical
|
móh
|
Expresses a counterfactual but possible event or situation.
|
| Precative
|
jíl
|
Expresses a requests.
|
| Dubitative
|
fó
|
Expresses a dubious event or action.
|
| Desiderative
|
ġúl
|
Expresses a wishes or desires.
|
| Jussive
|
xǽs
|
Expresses a moral pressure for an action or event.
|
| Obligative
|
gata
|
Expresses an obligation from a personal oath, honour, contract or another event or action.
|
| Permissive
|
jét
|
Expresses a subject's permission to action or event.
|
| Necessitative
|
kóḍa
|
Expresses an event or action, which is needed as a way to purpose.
|
Notes
- Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees.
See Also
