Proto-Tḷantali dialects

Most distinctive features

Middle Proto-Tḷantali	Northern (Doryaki)	Southern
		Western (Kæræsi)	Central (Sadravi)	Eastern (Nodafi)
Phonology
i iː	i iː	i i̯ə	i əi̯	ɪ iː
ɯ ɯː	ɨ ɨː	ɯ ɯ̯ə	ɯ əɯ̯	ʊ uː
u uː	u uː	u u̯ə	u əu̯	ʊ uː
e̞ e̞ː	e eː	e̞ e̯ə	e eː	ɘ eː
ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː	ə əː	ɤ̞ ɤ̯ə	ɤ ɤː	o oː
o̞ o̞ː	o oː	o̞ o̯ə	o oː	ɵ oː
æ æː	ɛ ɛː	æ æ̯ə	æ æː	a aː
ɑ ɑː	ä äː	ɑ ɑ̯ə	ä äː	ɒ ɒː
t tˠ k q	tʰ tʰ cʰ kʰ	t k k q	t k k q	t ʈ k q
b d dˠ g ɢ	p t t c k	b d g g ɢ	b d g g ɢ	b d ɖ g ɢ
b̰ d̰ d̰ˠ g̰ ɢ̰	b d d ɟ g	bʰ dʰ gʰ gʰ ɢʰ	bʰ dʰ gʰ gʰ ɢʰ	b d ɖ g ɢ
f θ θˠ s sˠ {x~χ}	f s s s x {h}	f θ x s x	f h θ̠ s x	f θ ʂ s ʂ
v ð ðˠ z zˠ {ɣ~ʁ}	v z z z z {ø ʀ}	v ð ɣ z ɣ	v z ð̠ z ɣ	v ð ʐ z ʐ
{ɹ~ɹˠ}	ɹ	{ɹ ɣ}	ɹ ɣ	ɹ ɻ
j w	ʝ ʋ	j w	j w	j w
ɬ ɮ	ɬ ɮ	ɕ ʑ	ɕ ʑ	x l
t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ	t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ	t͡ɕ d͡ʑ d͡ʑʰ	t͡ɕ d͡ʑ d͡ʑʰ	k͡x dl dʰl
t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ	t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ	kɕ gʑ gʰʑ	kɕ gʑ gʰʑ	ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ ɖ͡ʐʰ
l lˠ	l l	l ʟ	l ʟ	l ɭ
Morphology

Comparative wordlist

Middle Proto-Tḷantali		Northern (Doryaki)	Southern
			Western (Kæræsi)	Central (Sadravi)	Eastern (Nodafi)
tælæ [tælæ]	sea	[tʰɛlɛ]	[tælæ]	[tælæ]	[tala]
maxu [maɣu]	earth, land	[mäʀu]	[mɑɣu]	[mäɣu]	[mɒɣʊ]
gyksy [gɯksɯ]	stone	[cɨcʰsɨ]	[gɯksɯ]	[gɯksu]	[gʊksʊ]
ugaru [ugɑɹu]	wolf	[ucäɹu]	[ugɑɹu]	[ugäɹu]	[ʊgɒɹʊ]
kóli [ko̞ːli]	lake	[cʰoːli]	[koːli]	[ko̯əli]	[koːli]
borḍǽ [bo̞ɹd̰æː]	coast, bank, edge	[poɹdɛː]	[bo̞ɹdʰæ̯ə]	[boɹdʰæː]	[boɹdaː]
lejgæ [le̞jgæ]	green	[leçcɛ]	[le̞jgæ]	[lejgæ]	[lɘjga]
taba [tɑbɑ]	hill	[tʰäpä]	[tɑbɑ]	[täbä]	[tɒbɒ]
ufæxḍǽ [ufæɣd̰æː]	horse	[ufɛːdɛː]	[ufæɣdʰæː]	[ufæɣdʰæː]	[ufaɣdaː]
isjǽḷ [isjæːɬ]	sun	[iʝʝɛːɬ]	[izjæ̯əɕ]	[izjæːɕ]	[ɪzjaːx]
istǽlge [istæːlge̞]	sky	[istʰɛːlke]	[istæ̯əlge̞]	[istæːlge]	[ɪstaːlgɘ]
ismǽri [ismæːɹi]	moon	[izmæːɹi]	[izmæ̯əɹi]	[izmæːɹi]	[ɪzmaːɹɪ]
isġǽm [izɢ̰æːm]	time	[iskɛːm]	[izɢʰæ̯əm]	[izɢʰæːm]	[ɪzɢaːm]
isḍúlo [izd̰uːlo̞]	night	[izduːlo]	[izdʰu̯əlo̞]	[izdʰuːlo]	[ɪzduːlɵ]
ḅábú [b̰ɑːbuː]	big, great	[bäːpuː]	[bʰɑːbuː]	[bʰäːbuː]	[bɒːbuː]
isḍaxád [izd̰ɑɣɑːd]	thunder	[izdäʀäːt]	[izdʰɑɣɑːd]	[izdʰäɣäːd]	[izdɒɣɒːd]
ollə́sa [o̞llɤ̞ːsɑ]	milk	[olləːsä]	[o̞llɤ̯əsɑ]	[ollɤːsä]	[olloːsɒ]
ġáw [ɢ̰ɑːw]	mountain	[käːʋ]	[ɢʰɑːw]	[ɢʰäːw]	[ɢɒːw]
islér [isle̞ːɹ]	light	[izleːɹ]	[izle̯əɹ]	[izleːɹ]	[ɪzleːɹ]
olol [o̞lo̞l]	water	[olol]	[o̞lo̞ɹ]	[olow]	[olol]
θórja [θo̞ːɹjɑ]	source, spring	[soːɹʝä]	[θo̯əɹjɑ]	[hoːɹjä]	[θoːɹjɒ]
æðǽm [æðæːm]	man	[ɛzɛːm]	[æðæ̯əm]	[æzæːm]	[aðaːm]
sís [siːs]	good	[siːs]	[si̯əs]	[səi̯s]	[siːs]
wák [wɑːk]	one	[ʋäːcʰ]	[wɑ̯ək]	[wäːk]	[wɒːk]
qoda [qo̞dɑ]	two	[kotä]	[qo̞dɑ]	[qodä]	[qɵdɒ]
sebdæ [se̞bdæ]	three	[septɛ]	[se̞bdæ]	[sebdæ]	[sɘbda]
oqəda [o̞qɤ̞dɑ]	four	[okətä]	[o̞qɤ̞dɑ]	[oqɤdä]	[ɵqodɒ]
inθ'edæ [inθˠe̞dæ]	five	[insetɛ]	[inxe̞dæ]	[inθ̠edæ]	[ɪnʂɘda]
anḷəda [ɑnɬɤ̞dɑ]	six	[änɬətä]	[ɑɲɕɤ̞dɑ]	[äɲɕɤdä]	[ɒŋxodɒ]
bǽldæ [bæːldæ]	seven	[pɛːltɛ]	[bæ̯əldæ]	[bæːltæ]	[baːlta]
xaðda [ʁɑðdɑ]	eight	[ʀästä]	[ɣɑðdɑ]	[ɣäzdä]	[ɣɒðdɒ]
hagəda [xɑgɤ̞dɑ]	nine	[häcətä]	[hɑgɤ̞dɑ]	[hägɤdä]	[hɒgodɒ]
dógda [do̞ːgdɑ]	ten	[toctä]	[do̯əgdɑ]	[doːgdä]	[doːgdɒ]
dógda qoda [do̞ːgdɑ qo̞dɑ]	twelve	[toːctäkotä]	[do̯əgdɑ qodɑ]	[doːgdä qodä]	[doːgdɒ qodɒ]
dodógda [do̞do̞ːgdɑ]	(one) hundred	[totoːctä]	[do̞do̯əgdɑ]	[dodoːgdä]	[dɵdoːgdɒ]
gyndógda [gɯndo̞ːgdɑ]	(one) thousand	[cɨntoːctä]	[gɯndo̯əgdɑ]	[gɯndoːgdä]	[gʊndoːgdɒ]
umərθə [umɤ̞ɹθɤ̞]	cat	[uməɹsə]	[umɤ̞ɹθɤ̞]	[umɤɹhɤ]	[ʊmoɹθo]
xok [ʁo̞k]	fire	[ʀocʰ]	[ɣo̞k]	[ɣok]	[ɣɵk]
ytundu [ɯtundu]	tree	[ɨθuntu]	[ɯtundu]	[ɯtundu]	[ʊtʊndʊ]
uwóḅan [uwo̞ːb̰ɑn]	cow	[uʋoːbän]	[uwo̯əbʰɑn]	[uwoːbʰän]	[ʊwoːbɒn]
æheġ'e [æxe̞g̰e̞]	brother	[ɛheɟe]	[æhe̞gʰe̞]	[æhegʰe]	[ahɘgɘ]
ukunu [ukunu]	dog	[ucʰunu]	[ukunu]	[ukunu]	[ʊkʊnʊ]
me [me̞]	I	[me]	[me̞]	[me]	[mɘ]
θa [θɑ]	thou	[sä]	[θɑ]	[hä]	[θɒ]
ke [ke̞]	he / she / it	[cʰe]	[ke̞]	[ke]	[kɘ]
kota [ko̞tɑ]	house	[cʰotʰä]	[ko̞tɑ]	[kotä]	[kotɒ]
ezbærúm [ezbæɹuːm]	war	[espɛɹuːm]	[e̞zbæɹu̯əm]	[ezbæɹəu̯m]	[ɘzbaɹuːm]
issoð'a [isso̞ðˠɑ]	fate	[issozä]	[isso̞ɣɑ]	[issoð̠ä]	[issɵʐɒ]
t'ónda [tˠo̞ːndɑ]	wise	[tʰoːntä]	[ko̯əndɑ]	[koːndä]	[ʈoːndɒ]
ahuly [ɑxulɯ]	eye	[ähulɨ]	[ɑhulɯ]	[ähulɯ]	[ɒhʊlʊ]
adḷag [ɑd͡ɮɑg]	hand	[ät͡ɬäc]	[ɑd͡ʑɑg]	[äd͡ʑäg]	[ɒdlɒg]
ḷan'go [ɬɑŋgo̞]	round, globular object	[ɬäɲco]	[ɕɑŋgo̞]	[ɕäŋgo]	[xɒŋgɵ]
ten'etóm [te̞ŋe̞to̞ːm]	family, lineage	[tʰeɲetʰoːm]	[te̞ŋe̞to̯əm]	[teŋetoːm]	[tɘŋɘtoːm]
akə́pθə [ɑkɤ̞ːpθɤ̞]	tooth	[äcʰəːpʰsə]	[ɑkɤ̯əpθɤ̞]	[äkɤːphɤ]	[ɒkoːpθo]
aθ'əḷə [ɑθˠɤ̞ɬɤ̞]	hair, fur	[äsəɬə]	[ɑxɤ̞ɕɤ̞]	[äθ̠ɤɕɤ]	[ɒʂoxo]
dón'agú [do̞ːŋɑguː]	fall	[toːɲäcuː]	[do̯əŋɑgu̯ə]	[doːŋägəu̯]	[doːŋɒguː]
isḷédlǽn [isɬe̞ːdlæːn]	speech	[isɬeːtlɛːn]	[iɕɕe̯ədlæːn]	[iɕɕeːdlæːn]	[isxeːdlaːn]
borxa [bo̞ɹɣɑ]	hammer	[poʀʀä]	[bo̞ɹɣɑ]	[boɹɣä]	[bɵɹɣɒ]
æwóḅænkǽr [æwo̞ːb̰æŋkæːɹ]	cowman	[ɛʋoːpɛɲcʰɛːɹ]	[æwo̯əbæŋkæ̯əɹ]	[æwoːbæŋkæːɹ]	[awoːbaŋkaːɹ]
betḷe [be̞t͡ɬe̞]	meal	[pet͡ɬʰe]	[be̞t͡ɕe̞]	[bet͡ɕe]	[bɘk͡xɘ]
lá-akə́pθorhə [lɑː.ɑkɤ̞pθo̞ɹxɤ̞]	toothless	[läː.äcʰəpʰsoɹhə]	[lɑ̯ə.ɑkɤ̞pθo̞ɹhɤ̞]	[läː.äkɤphoɹhɤ]	[lɒː.ɒkopθɵɹho]
ḍýg [d̰ɯːg]	strong	[dɨːc]	[dʰɯ̯əg]	[dʰɯːg]	[duːg]
vóġtəl [vo̞ːgtɤ̞l]	slaughterhouse	[voːctʰəl]	[vo̯əgtɤ̞l]	[voːgtɤl]	[voːgtol]
xoktəl [ʁo̞ktɤ̞l]	campfire	[ʀocʰtʰəl]	[ɣo̞ktɤ̞l]	[ɣoktɤl]	[ɣɵktol]
æheġ'efili [æxe̞g̰e̞fili]	brotherhood	[ɛheɟefili]	[æhe̞gʰe̞fili]	[æhegʰefili]	[ahɘgɘfɪlɪ]
ætéheskǽr [æte̞ːxe̞skæːɹ]	teacher	[ɛtʰeːhescʰɛːɹ]	[æte̯əhe̞skæ̯əɹ]	[æteːheskæːɹ]	[ateːhɘskaːɹ]
ætéhesælkǽr [æte̞ːxe̞sælkæːɹ]	learner	[ɛtʰeːhesɛlcʰɛːɹ]	[æte̯əhe̞sælkæːɹ]	[æteːhesælkæːɹ]	[ateːhɘsalkaːɹ]
obáġkunu [o̞bɑːɢ̰kunu]	half-dog	[opäːckunu]	[o̞bɑːqqunu]	[obäːkkunu]	[ɵbɒːkʊnʊ]
barúmrə́n' [bɑɹuːmɹɤ̞n]	craft of war	[päɹuːmɹən]	[bɑɹu̯əmɹɤ̞n]	[bäɹəu̯mɹɤn]	[bɒɹuːmɹon]
kalad [kɑlɑd]	bread	[cʰälät]	[kɑlɑd]	[käläd]	[kɒlɒd]
ġáwġá [ɢ̰ɑːwɢ̰ɑː]	grand mountain	[gäːʋgäː]	[ɢʰɑ̯əwɢʰɑ̯ə]	[ɢʰäːwɢʰäː]	[ɢʰɒːwɢʰɒː]
éθǽlwæ [eːθæːlwe̞]	daughter	[eːsɛːlʋɛ]	[e̯əθæ̯əlwe̞]	[eːhæːlwe]	[eːθaːlwɘ]
ishezǽd [isxe̞zæːd]	star	[ishezɛːt]	[ishe̞zæːd]	[ishezæːd]	[ɪshɘzaːd]
isbólæ [izbo̞ːlæ]	gold	[ispoːlɛ]	[izbo̯əlæ]	[izboːlæ]	[ɪzboːla]
labátə [lɑbɑːtɤ̞]	copper	[läpäːtʰə]	[lɑbɑ̯ətɤ]	[läbäːtɤ]	[lɒbɒto]
bǽkjele [bæːkje̞le̞]	wheel	[pɛːɟʝele]	[bæ̯əkje̞le̞]	[bæːkjele]	[baːkjɘlɘ]
ḍórum [d̰o̞ːɹum]	front	[doːɹum]	[dʰo̯əɹum]	[dʰoːɹum]	[dʰoːɹʊm]
qettæ [qe̞ttæ]	side of body	[ketʰtʰɛ]	[qe̞ttæ]	[qettæ]	[qɘtta]
zævjǽ [zævjæː]	high	[zɛvʝɛː]	[zævjæ̯ə]	[zævjæː]	[zavjaː]
essǽn' [e̞ssæːŋ]	deity	[essɛːɲ]	[e̞ssæ̯əŋ]	[essæːŋ]	[ɘssaːŋ]
æn'epkǽr [æŋe̞pkæːɹ]	shooter	[ɛɲepʰcʰɛːɹ]	[æŋe̞pkæːɹ]	[æŋepkæːɹ]	[aŋɘpkaːɹ]
sǽjní [sæːjniː]	flower	[sɛːʝɲiː]	[sæːjni̯ə]	[sæːjnəi̯]	[saːjniː]
isjéve [izje̞ːve̞]	sunshine	[izʝeːve]	[izje̯əve]	[izjeːve]	[ɪzjeːvɘ]
fórwi [fo̞ːɹwi]	warm	[foːɹʋi]	[fo̯əɹwi]	[foːɹwi]	[foːɹwɪ]
qólqa [qoːlqɑ]	full	[qoːlqä]	[qo̯əlqɑ]	[qoːlqä]	[qoːlqɒ]
olwaḷa [o̞lwɑɬɑ]	word	[olʋäɬä]	[o̞lwɑɕɑ]	[olwäɕä]	[ɵlwɒxɒ]
ḅaxḍý [b̰ɑɣd̰ɯː]	wild	[bäɣdɨː]	[bʰɑɣdʰɯ̯ə]	[bʰäɣdʰəɯ̯]	[bɒːduː]
yθəskə [ɯθɤ̞skɤ̞]	garlic	[ɨsəscʰə]	[ɯθɤ̞skɤ̞]	[ɯhɤskɤ]	[ʊθosko]
ykýsula [ɯkɯːsulɑ]	cherry	[ɨkɨːsulä]	[ɯkɯ̯əsulɑ]	[ɯkəɯ̯sulä]	[ʊkuːsʊlɒ]
yjə́lma [ɯjɤ̞ːlmɑ]	olive	[ɨjəːlmä]	[ɯjɤ̯əlmɑ]	[ɯjɤːlmä]	[ʊjoːlmɒ]
əfahta [ɤ̞fɑxtɑ]	cotton	[əfähtä]	[ɤ̞fɑhtɑ]	[ɤfähtä]	[ofɒhtɒ]
uḅýsy [ub̰ɯːsɯ]	bee	[ubɨːsɨ]	[ubʰɯ̯əsɯ]	[ubʰəɯ̯sɯ]	[ʊbuːsʊ]
yt'oloθ [ɯtˠo̞lo̞θ]	plum	[ɨtʰolos]	[ɯko̞lo̞θ]	[ɯkoloh]	[ʊʈɵlɵθ]
yḷamə́ [ɯɬɑmɤ̞ː]	flax	[ɨɬämɤː]	[ɯɕɑmɤ̯ə]	[ɯɕämɤː]	[ʊxɒmoː]
oġáwa [o̞ɢ̰ɑːwɑ]	dhole	[ogäːʋä]	[o̞ɢʰɑ̯əwɑ]	[oɢʰäːwä]	[ɵɢɒːwɒ]
oḅáxys [o̞b̰ɑːʁɯs]	leopard	[obäːʀɨs]	[o̞bʰɑ̯əɣɯs]	[obʰäːɣɯs]	[ɵbɒːɣʊs]
osan'gyr [o̞sɑŋgɯɹ]	cheetah	[osäɲcɨɹ]	[o̞sɑŋgɯɹ]	[osäŋgɯɹ]	[ɵsɒŋgʊɹ]
uḅálva [ub̰ɑːlvɑ]	lion	[ubäːlvä]	[ubʰɑːlvɑ]	[ubʰäːlvä]	[ʊbɒːlvɒ]
usýzu [usɯːzu]	snake	[usɨːzu]	[usɯ̯əzu]	[usəɯ̯zu]	[ʊsuːzʊ]
uqətrás [uqɤ̞tɹɑːs]	cobra	[ukʰətʰɹäːs]	[uqɤ̞tɹɑs]	[uqɤtɹäs]	[ʊqotɹɒs]
udḷýva [ud̰͡ɮɯːvɑ]	mongoose	[ud͡ɮɨːvä]	[ud͡ʑɯ̯əvɑ]	[ud͡ʑəɯ̯vä]	[ʊg͡ɣuːvɒ]
utḷáw [ut͡ɬɑːw]	fish	[ut͡ɬʰäːʋ]	[ut͡ɕɑːw]	[ut͡ɕäw]	[ʊk͡xɒːw]
uwýjá [uwɯːjɑː]	hyaena	[uʋɨːʝäː]	[uwɯːjɑː]	[uwɯːjä]	[ʊwuːjɒː]
ukadýs' [ukɑdɯːsˠ]	civet	[ucʰätɨːx]	[ukɑdɯːx]	[ukädɯːx]	[ʊkɒduːʂ]
ojáwý [o̞jɑːwɯː]	peafowl	[oʝäːʋɨː]	[o̞jɑːwɯː]	[ojäwɯː]	[ɵjɒːwuː]
ubawḍáx [ubɑwd̰ɑːʁ]	ibex	[upäʋdäːʀ]	[ubɑwdʰɑːɣ]	[ubäwdʰäːɣ]	[ʊbɒwdɒːɣ]
uváġ' [uvɑːg̰]	sheep	[uväːg]	[uvɑ̯əgʰ]	[uväːgʰ]	[ʊvɒːg]
ukjóbo [ukjo̞ːbo̞]	monkey	[uɟʝoːpo]	[ukjo̯əbo̞]	[ukjoːbo]	[ʊkjoːbɵ]
oḍḷáxva [od̰͡ɮɑːɣvɑ]	elephant	[od͡ɮäːvä]	[o̞d͡ʑɑ̯əɣvɑ]	[od͡ʑäɣvä]	[ɵg͡ɣɒːvɒː]
os'áma [o̞sˠɑːmɑ]	caracal	[oxäːmä]	[o̞xɑ̯əm]	[oxäːmä]	[ɵʂɒːmɒ]
uqurul [uquɹul]	shark	[ukʰuɹul]	[uquɹul]	[uquɹul]	[ʊqʊɹʊl]
okjǽræ [okjæːɹæ]	eagle	[oɟʝɛːɹɛ]	[o̞kjæ̯əɹæ]	[okjæːɹæ]	[ɵkjaːɹa]
yḍáx [ɯd̰ɑːɣ]	oak	[ɨdäːʀ]	[ɯdʰɑ̯əɣ]	[ɯdʰäːɣ]	[ʊdɒːɣ]
yqəsan [ɯqɤ̞sɑn]	pine	[ɨkʰəsän]	[ɯqɤ̞sɑn]	[ɯqɤsän]	[ʊqosɒn]
ydagrus' [ɯdɑgɹusˠ]	cedar	[ɨtäcɹux]	[ɯdɑgɹux]	[ɯdägɹux]	[ʊdɒgɹuʂ]
abylqə [ɑbɯlqɤ̞]	head	[äpɨlkʰə]	[ɑbɯlqɤ̞]	[äbɯlqɤ]	[ɒbʊlqo]
odavóx [o̞dɑvoːɣ]	auroch	[otävoːʀ]	[o̞dɑvo̯əɣ]	[odävoːɣ]	[ɵdɒvoːɣ]
oġ'árva [o̞g̰ɑːɹvɑ]	cattle	[oɟäɹvä]	[o̞gʰɑːɹvɑ]	[ogʰäɹvä]	[ɵgɒːɹvɒ]
oḍan'guk [o̞d̰ɑŋguk]	gaur	[odäɲcucʰ]	[o̞dʰɑŋguk]	[odʰäŋguk]	[ɵdɒŋgʊk]
obavul [o̞bɑvul]	banteng	[opävul]	[o̞bɑvul]	[obävul]	[ɵbɒvʊl]
t'arna [tˠɑɹnɑ]	horn	[tʰäɹnä]	[kɑɹnɑ]	[käɹnä]	[ʈɒɹnɒ]
waxda [wɑɣdɑ]	meadow	[ʋäːtä]	[wɑɣdɑ]	[wäɣdä]	[wɒɣdɒ]
oġ'áry [o̞g̰ɑːɹɯ]	tiger	[oɟäːɹɨ]	[o̞gʰɑ̯əɹɯ]	[ogʰäɹɯ]	[ɵgɒːɹʊ]
otalma [o̞tɑlmɑ]	dolphin	[otʰälmä]	[o̞tɑlmɑ]	[otälmä]	[ɵtɒlmɒ]
yxný [ɯɣnɯː]	rye	[ɨːnɨː]	[ɯɣnɯ̯ə]	[ɯɣnəɯ̯]	[ʊɣnuː]
yz'ajḅa [ɯzˠɑjb̰ɑ]	hemp	[ɨɣäçpä]	[ɯɣɑjbʰɑ]	[ɯɣäjbʰä]	[ʊɣɒjbɒ]